Art Threat - Political Art JournalArt Threat - Political Art JournalArt Threat is a journal of political art. We embrace art that confronts, interrogates, or even shrugs off the status quo, and explore pressing issues affecting art and culture, stimulating debate on the world around us and how it is interpreted. 
Articles
Painting of Last Supper orgy causes controversy; Send an email in support o
2008-04-14 13:47:00 Who says cartoons are the only way to rile a religious flock? Artist Alfred Hrdlicka, one of Austria's most celebrated painters, has caused a spasm of outrage among Christians with a painting in a recent exhibition. The painting in question is ?Leonardo's Last Supper, restored by Pier Paolo Pasolini? which, in the artist's words, depicts the event as ?a homosexual orgy?. Most surprising is the location of the exhibition -- the museum of Vienna's Roman Catholic Cathedral. The Catholic Church sponsored the show. And this to me is the most remarkable part of the story: that the museum allowed the painting to be included in the show in the first place. It was only after numerous angry complaints by patrons that the painting was removed. Heroically (to my mind), the museum director Berhard Boehler and exhibition curator Martina Judt have defended the art work stating that the museum never intended to offend anyone and that art should be allowed to provoke debate. Hrdlick'... More About: Email , Painting , Support , Controversy , Send
Barrick Gold blocks book launch of "Noir Canada"
2008-04-13 22:56:00 The members of Collectif Ressources d?Afrique, Édition Écosociété and their editorial board out of Montreal have been served with a SLAPP suit (Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation) by Canadian mining company Barrick Gold in light of the release of their upcoming publication, Noir Canada : Pillage, corruption et criminalité en Afrique. The book launch for Noir Canada, edited by Alain Denault and the Collectif Ressources d'Afrique, was cancelled April 11, 2008, when the authors and publishers (Édition Écosociété) received letters from a law firm representing Barrick Gold. The letters alledgedly refer to apparent inaccuracies in the book. Noir Canada is a synthesis and analysis of national and international documents (reports, books, documentaries?) detailing numerous corporate abuses implicating a number of Canadian companies in Africa, which operate with the ?unfailing help of the Canadian government?. The list of corporate abuses is long: advantageous mining contracts in... More About: Book , Launch
Canadian Heritage Minister hates censorship bill C-10, says Senator
2008-04-11 21:52:00 Heritage Minister Josée Verner hates bill C-10, according to a comment made by Conservative Senator David Angus. A member of the Senate committee on banking, trade and commerce, Angus was listening to arguments against the proposed film censorship law from Canadian film producers when he committed a classic political faux pas?he said something incriminating while his microphone was still on. "The minister agrees. She told me she hates the law," said Angus to a colleague, as his voice was still being streamed live on the internet. "What we want is a sort of moratorium?" As an experienced politician, Angus took the high road when asked about his comments. Standing strong in the face of incriminating evidence, he denied everything. "I did not quote the minister because I did not even talk to the minister," he told CBC News. "I haven't heard myself say [the comment] and I'm certainly not acknowledging that I said it." What was he thinking? That as an unelected Senator appointed fo... More About: Heritage , Censorship , Bill
Activists and artists including Sarah Polley in Ottawa today to oppose Bill
2008-04-11 01:31:00 Activists and actors were in Ottawa today to protest the proposed Bill C-10, which would give the government powers to censor films (by killing their tax credits) it deemed "offensive." So far Harper's Conservatives have found the following things offensive and have summarily cut their funding: + Adult literature program for First Nations + Women shelters across the country + First Nations Declaration of Rights at the UN (not only opposed, but tried to influence other states into not signing this historical document that recognizes indigenous peoples' rights across the globe) + Medicinal marajuana + Assistance funding envelopes for museums + Pensions + Arts OK, for more on what the Tories find offensive you can read an earlier post from my blog. From the intervention in Ottawa today, the CBC reported yesterday: Canadian filmmaker Sarah Polley, actress Wendy Crewson and Brian Anthony, CEO of the Directors Guild of Canada , will be among those appearing before the Senate committee on... More About: Artists , Today
Email scams from Africa turned into graphic posters
2008-04-10 16:46:00 We've all received them -- pleading emails from far away places offering big sums of money in broken English for the temporary use of our bank account. The situation is always urgent, and all we need do is give them details of our account and then sit back and watch the money roll in ... or so they say. East German born Henning Wagaenbreth has assembled 36 of these scam emails and illustrated them as pop culture posters. The illustrations are chaotic and humorous renditions of the stories told in the scams. The illustrations have been assembled using woodblock, linocut and primitive typography. The book is called Help, 36 Email Scams from Africa and is published by Gingko Press. Wagenbreth is a visual artist and professor of visual communication at Universitat der Kunste in Berlin. More About: Posters , Graphic
Bear rises from the dead thanks to waste subway heat
2008-04-09 18:07:00 This sculpture of a white bear by Joshua Allen Harris captures lost energy from a New York subway grate, alternating between roadkill and resurrection. Using this technique, one could craft some blow up buffoonery to make a statement during the US electoral race. Does anyone out there have any ideas for inflatable political fun? Via Bunch of Monkeys. More About: Heat , Dead , Subway , Waste , Bear
Pro-peace Israeli radio station RAM-FM gets shut down for disturbing airwav
2008-04-09 13:00:00 Democracy Now! reported yesterday morning that Israel i police and special forces stormed the tiny Jerusalem RAM-FM radio station on Monday and shut down the pro-peace media outlet because it was apparently "interfering with the airwaves" and "operating without a permit." Pro-peace activists point out it was one of the few FM stations that took as a mandate the bringing together of Palestinians and Israeli citizens. From Ynet News: RAM-FM is owned by Jewish businessman Issy Kirsh in South Africa and has been on the air for a year. Modeled after a South African station that provided a venue for reconciliation after apartheid, RAM-FM says it wants to create a safe place for Israelis and Palestinians to talk. The station attracts a diverse audience of tens of thousands, from Israeli soldiers and Palestinian students to West Bank villagers, English speaking immigrants, migrant workers and foreign diplomats. It is one of the numerous pirate radio stations broadcasting throughout Israel, ... More About: Radio , Peace , Station , Shut
Two new docs on Vancouver's drug-riddled downtown East Side
2008-04-08 16:53:00 Two new Canadian documentaries are tackling the subject of Vancouver's troubled downtown East Side . Devil Plays Hardball, by Nijole Kujmickas was broadcast earlier in March on CBC's Passionate Eye and Nettie Wild's latest offering, Bevel Up, will premiere this month at Hot Docs. On The Devil Plays Hardball (via CBC): This project is unique because unlike some interventionist documentaries and make-over reality shows, it is not trying to create a sensationalist finale, but sincerely question whether the mentor approach can affect social change," says Catherine Olsen, senior programmer of documentaries for CBC Newsworld. Shot in HD, Devil Plays Hardball endeavors to make positive changes in the homeless population, one step ? and one person ? at a time. The filmmakers, who placed ads on Craigslist and on shelter and hostel notice boards in Vancouver, were surprised by the overwhelming number of potential mentors and homeless people who applied. And on Bevel Up (via Nettie Wild): At... More About: Downtown , Drug
New book, must get: Street Art and the War on Terror: How the World's Best
2008-04-07 14:00:00 Forgive my brevity, but another great book has hit the shelves of fine bookstores everywhere. Street Art and the War on Terror : How the World's Best Graffiti Artists Said No to the Iraq War by Eleanor Mathieson and Xavier Tapies, is full of amazing images and graphics from around the world, all of them offering commentary and confrontation to perhaps the most unpopular war ever launched. From Revolution Book s: This fantastic book documents with dozens and dozens of color photos the explosion artistic expression of global opposition to the Bush regime?s ?war on terror?. Perhaps if they send us a copy I'll be able to offer more of a description and review... More About: War On Terror , Street Art
Fantagraphics offers a comic discount to stimulate the American economy
2008-04-03 22:50:00 The American economy might be tanking, but savvy shoppers can come out on top by taking advantage of Fantagraphics' Economic Stimulus Package! One of the leading publishers of graphic novels, Fantagraphics is offering a 15% discount on all political books during the month of April. Ruffle Republican feathers by spending your tax refund on Joe Sacco's Palestine or Steve Brodner's Freedom Fries. The announcement from Fantagraphics: Good ol' G.W. Bush hopes to kick-start the U.S. economy by giving everyone a tax rebate this year. We say, what better way to use your windfall than by affirming your freedom to read great comics! In honor of Tax Day on April 15, save 15% on select books in our Politics & World Affairs category all throughout the month of April 2008! Whether fictional satire skewering our malevolent and/or less-than-competent leaders, journalistic comics reporting from conflict-torn regions, or trenchant commentary on societal issues, these books present the fines... More About: Economy , Comic , Offers , Discount
Net neutrality in Canada under siege: Bell implements ?traffic shaping? ser
2008-03-31 15:02:00 Bell Canada - Canada's largest internet provider - is going ahead with its plan to undermine net neutrality. They call it ?traffic shaping? and ?traffic management?, but what it adds up to is the end of net neutrality for anyone on the Bell system. This includes Bell customers and non-Bell customers who contract with third party ISPs who use the Bell system. Bell and other Canadian ISPs such as Rogers have been ?traffic managing? for over a year, slowing some kinds of traffic down while privileging others. The data that Bell tends to target for slow down is peer-to-peer and torrent traffic. Last week, Bell applied the same ?traffic shaping? controls to its third party ISPs, service providers who use the Bell system but who are independent companies with their own clients. What this means is that Bell is screwing - not only with its own customers' data, but with the accounts of third party Internet users. Do you know whose system your ISP is using? April 7 is the date Bell... More About: Traffic , Net Neutrality , Bell , Under Siege
Destroying art to save the environment
2008-03-29 22:29:00 "I can't conceive of anything being more varied and rich and handsome than the planet Earth. And its crowning beauty is the natural world. I want to soak it up, up understand it as well as I can, and to absorb it.... and then I'd like to put it together and express it in my painting. This is the way I want to dedicate my life." The above quote comes from Robert Bateman, and wonderfully summarizes the work of one of Canada's foremost painters and naturalists. During a decades-long career painting beautiful, and often awe-inspiring, depictions of Canada?s wildlife and landscapes he has never pretended to be a detached observer of nature. A self-defined naturalist and conservationist, he has worked with the World Wildlife Fund and been honoured by the Canadian Wildlife Federation and the National Audubon Society. But if you were to ask an average Canadian to name five environmental crusaders, you?d be hard pressed to get Bateman?s name, since he has rarely been seen as a face or he... More About: Environment , Save , The Environment
New documentary Granny Power finds the political power in old age
2008-03-28 00:48:00 This just in: A new political documentary is about to be unleashed on the world and it just might star your grandmother. Granny Power is a new film from social doc maker and Montreal resident Magnus Isacsson, and it promises to be an inspired journey into the volatile heartland of politicking pensioners. The Raging Grannies have been muckraking and speaking back to power for years, most notably in Vancouver, BC, where their recent actions saw some of their members unjustly landed behind prison bars (see the Art Threat story link below for more). They are such an active, colourful, and political group I often wondered when someone would make a doc on them. Well, Power Grannies has been in the making for three years, and it will indeed be released, but first they need a helping hand. The independent filmmakers behind the project are looking for donations, and for those of you who want to see the Raging Grannies immortalized in cinema, lend them a hand. 78 Year-old Raging Granny senten... More About: Political , Documentary
Obama's alien
2008-03-26 12:20:00 This cartoon from Mr. Fish is so great, I had to borrow it from the Harper's site and post it here. According to the site: Mr. Fish (mrfishmail@verizon.net) lives in Los Angeles, California. He never asked to be born. Occasionally, he laughs his head off. His mother has no idea what he's up to. She cries easily. For more information, date him. More About: Hillary Clinton , Alien
Obama's alien
2008-03-21 19:58:00 This cartoon is too great to ignore. It is by "Mr. Fish" and borrowed from Harper's magazine. The bio on the magazine's website states: Mr. Fish (mrfishmail@verizon.net) lives in Los Angeles, California. He never asked to be born. Occasionally, he laughs his head off. His mother has no idea what he's up to. She cries easily. For more information, date him. More About: Barack Obama , Alien
Japan names robot cat to post of manga ambassador
2008-03-19 22:44:00 Japan always finds a way to make me laugh. Just when I thought human tetris was the most hilarious thing to come out of the country in years, the Japanese government had to go and one up their industrious game show producers. Behold Doraemon, a popular cartoon robot cat Japan has just appointed as global ambassador to animation. He's happy, blue, and loves red bean pancakes?what other qualifications does one need? From the CBC: The appointment is part of Japan's recent effort to harness the power of pop culture in diplomacy. Japan created an International Manga Award last year under comic book enthusiast and former foreign minister Taro Aso, who likened it to a "Nobel Prize" for an artist working abroad. Doraemon will join Astro Boy, the Japanese ambassador for overseas safety, in the quickly expanding costume room of Japan's foreign service. More About: Japan , Robot , Post , Ambassador
Japan names robot cat to post of manga ambassador
2008-03-19 22:44:00 Japan always finds a way to make me laugh. Just when I thought human tetris was the most hilarious thing to come out of the country in years, the Japanese government had to go and one up their industrious game show producers. Behold Doraemon, a popular cartoon robot cat Japan has just appointed as global ambassador to animation. He's happy, blue, and loves red bean pancakes?what other qualifications does one need? From the CBC: The appointment is part of Japan's recent effort to harness the power of pop culture in diplomacy. Japan created an International Manga Award last year under comic book enthusiast and former foreign minister Taro Aso, who likened it to a "Nobel Prize" for an artist working abroad. Doraemon will join Astro Boy, the Japanese ambassador for overseas safety, in the quickly expanding costume room of Japan's foreign service. More About: Japan , Robot , Post , Ambassador
Art censorship alive and well in America: Wafaa Bilal installation shut dow
2008-03-17 08:00:00 Wafaa Bilal has done it again ? his latest art installation Virtual Jihadi has caused an uproar in Troy, New York. The show opened on March 6 at the Rensselaer Polytechnical Institute (RPI) which promptly (the day after the opening) shut the installation down. After reopening a few days later at a another local gallery, city officials closed the gallery citing bylaw infractions. The artwork in question shows Bilal appearing as a character in a tweaked version of the video game The Night of Bush Capturing, a video game that was produced by Al Queda in response to the U.S. made video game Quest for Saddam. Bilal hacked the source code and wrote himself into the script. After the show was closed by RPI, it reopened at the The Sanctuary for Independent Media. A video recording of Bilal's opening remarks is available at the Sanctuary's website. This second opening was also short lived. The gallery received a phone call (recorded and also available for listening at the we... More About: America , Censorship , Alive , Shut
Art censorship alive and well in America: Wafaa Bilal installation shut dow
2008-03-17 08:00:00 Wafaa Bilal has done it again ? his latest art installation Virtual Jihadi has caused an uproar in Troy, New York. The show opened on March 6 at the Rensselaer Polytechnical Institute (RPI) which promptly (the day after the opening) shut the installation down. After reopening a few days later at a another local gallery, city officials closed the gallery citing bylaw infractions. The artwork in question shows Bilal appearing as a character in a tweaked version of the video game The Night of Bush Capturing, a video game that was produced by Al Queda in response to the U.S. made video game Quest for Saddam. Bilal hacked the source code and wrote himself into the script. After the show was closed by RPI, it reopened at the The Sanctuary for Independent Media. A video recording of Bilal's opening remarks is available at the Sanctuary's website. This second opening was also short lived. The gallery received a phone call (recorded and also available for listening at the we... More About: America , Censorship , Alive , Shut
Awake from your slumber: Patti Smith & Ralph Nader music video
2008-03-15 15:32:00 Ralph Nader and Patti Smith have teamed up to make a music video in support of Ralph Nader's presidential bid ? Awake from your slumber?, available on youtube and a growing number of sites. The posting notes on youtube suggest that the video was posted by the Ralph Nader team. This seems increasingly to be an integral part of U.S. politics, no doubt in part because of the phenomenal success of will-i.am's Barack Obama video ?Yes we can? which has been downloaded over 6 million times and links the Obama campaign with a who's who of cultural literati. What can I say? I am a long time Patti Smith fan ... and Ralph Nader fan (as a Canadian I do not have to make the sticky decision about voting or not voting for Mr. Nader). Check it out. More About: Video , Music , Music Video , Ralph Nader
Awake from your slumber: Patti Smith & Ralph Nader music video
2008-03-15 15:32:00 Ralph Nader and Patti Smith have teamed up to make a music video in support of Ralph Nader's presidential bid ? Awake from your slumber?, available on youtube and a growing number of sites. The posting notes on youtube suggest that the video was posted by the Ralph Nader team. This seems increasingly to be an integral part of U.S. politics, no doubt in part because of the phenomenal success of will-i.am's Barack Obama video ?Yes we can? which has been downloaded over 6 million times and links the Obama campaign with a who's who of cultural literati. What can I say? I am a long time Patti Smith fan ... and Ralph Nader fan (as a Canadian I do not have to make the sticky decision about voting or not voting for Mr. Nader). Check it out. More About: Video , Music , Music Video , Ralph Nader
Katariina Lillqvist's political puppets illicit hate mail at Tampere Film F
2008-03-14 02:11:00 Katariina Lillqvist's political puppet film recently caused a bit of a ruckus - including hate mail and increased security - in Helsinki before it launched at the Tampere Film Festival, according to the Helsingin Sanomat: The fantastical puppet animation Uralin perhonen (?Butterfly from the Urals?, ?Far from the Urals?) tells in tragi-comic fashion the story of the alleged homosexual relationship between Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim and his Kirghiz valet, but it also delves into the life of members of the Red faction in Tampere during Finland?s bloody Civil War in 1918. Lillqvist wants her film to provoke discussion on the Mannerheim myth, but admits she has been surprised and shocked at the furore that the film has generated in the evening papers even before it had its first screening. The 26-minute puppet animation takes part next week in the Tampere Film Festival. At the advance screening in Tampere on February 29th, there were considerable security measures in place, owi... More About: Mail , Political , Hate
Katariina Lillqvist's political puppets illicit hate mail at Tampere Film F
2008-03-14 02:11:00 Katariina Lillqvist's political puppet film recently caused a bit of a ruckus - including hate mail and increased security - in Helsinki before it launched at the Tampere Film Festival, according to the Helsingin Sanomat: The fantastical puppet animation Uralin perhonen (?Butterfly from the Urals?, ?Far from the Urals?) tells in tragi-comic fashion the story of the alleged homosexual relationship between Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim and his Kirghiz valet, but it also delves into the life of members of the Red faction in Tampere during Finland?s bloody Civil War in 1918. Lillqvist wants her film to provoke discussion on the Mannerheim myth, but admits she has been surprised and shocked at the furore that the film has generated in the evening papers even before it had its first screening. The 26-minute puppet animation takes part next week in the Tampere Film Festival. At the advance screening in Tampere on February 29th, there were considerable security measures in place, owi... More About: Mail , Political , Hate
Building brand loyalty with genocide jokes: Mac ads on aboriginal televisio
2008-03-12 08:00:00 Update: It seems the Mac ads referenced in this blog are spoofs, not real ads at all -- which makes them brilliant, and me somewhat foolish. Kudos to the makers - nicely done. Sorry for any confusion. I've left my original post for the record. How far we've come in the culture of marketing -- or should I say, the marketing of culture. Brand experience, it seems, now includes marginalized & resistant historical narratives, at least for the folks at Apple it does. For two years running, Apple has been placing PC v. Mac ads (you know the ones, the clever ads that involve a PC dork being humiliated in one way or another by a Mac hipster) on the Aboriginal People's Television Network. The ads cleverly use the colonial history of European / First Nations relations to recreate tensions in the personal computer market through encounters between a whitey PC user and Fist Nations Mac user. I should out myself before going further: I am a whitey Mac-head. And, I find the ads cl... More About: Jokes , Pod , Building , Genocide
Building brand loyalty with genocide jokes: Mac ads on aboriginal televisio
2008-03-12 08:00:00 Update: It seems the Mac ads referenced in this blog are spoofs, not real ads at all -- whoops. Had me fooled. Kudos to the makers - nicely done. Sorry for any confusion. I've left my original post for the record. How far we've come in the culture of marketing -- or should I say, the marketing of culture. Brand experience, it seems, now includes marginalized & resistant historical narratives, at least for the folks at Apple it does. For two years running, Apple has been placing PC v. Mac ads (you know the ones, the clever ads that involve a PC dork being humiliated in one way or another by a Mac hipster) on the Aboriginal People's Television Network. The ads cleverly use the colonial history of European / First Nations relations to recreate tensions in the personal computer market through encounters between a whitey PC user and Fist Nations Mac user. I should out myself before going further: I am a whitey Mac-head. And, I find the ads clever and funny, at least on the ... More About: Jokes , Pod , Building , Genocide
Alberta tar sands documentary raises questions about the newest bonanza
2008-03-12 02:59:00 As the price of crude oil peaked today and another Hummer rolled out on to the asphalt, another hectare or three was dug up in Alberta , Canada - home to the elusive and mythical tar sands oil reserves. What rapacious oil companies and myopic politicians are calling "solutions" and "progress", others - from environmentalists to Human Rights advocates to First Nations communities - are calling the worst environmental disaster of the 21st Century. In the toxic dust that is the wild west resource grab of Canada's Texas, a small army of media activists and artists have been busy like bees who smell bad honey. Among the many, many media projects emerging from this free-for-all of pollution and profit is a new documentary to air on the CBC this week. The doc is TAR SANDS : THE SELLING OF ALBERTA. Tag line: What price is Canada willing to pay for a stake in this century's greatest energy bonanza? It airs this Thursday, March 13th on CBC television at 9PM Pacific. From the film's press r... More About: Questions , Documentary , Sands
Alberta tar sands documentary raises questions about the newest bonanza
2008-03-12 02:59:00 As the price of crude oil peaked today and another Hummer rolled out on to the asphalt, another hectare or three was dug up in Alberta , Canada - home to the elusive and mythical tar sands oil reserves. What rapacious oil companies and myopic politicians are calling "solutions" and "progress", others - from environmentalists to Human Rights advocates to First Nations communities - are calling the worst environmental disaster of the 21st Century. In the toxic dust that is the wild west resource grab of Canada's Texas, a small army of media activists and artists have been busy like bees who smell bad honey. Among the many, many media projects emerging from this free-for-all of pollution and profit is a new documentary to air on the CBC this week. The doc is TAR SANDS : THE SELLING OF ALBERTA. Tag line: What price is Canada willing to pay for a stake in this century's greatest energy bonanza? It airs this Thursday, March 13th on CBC television at 9PM Pacific. From the film's press r... More About: Questions , Documentary , Sands
Banff Centre on Literary Journalism: Residency
2008-03-10 08:00:00 The Banff Centre is offering a program involving off-site manuscript development (April 21 to June 20, 2008) and an on-site residency (July 7 to August 2, 2008). This program offers eight established non-fiction writers an opportunity to develop a major essay, memoir, or feature article. Writers are encouraged to explore new ideas in journalism, or to work on a culturally relevant piece that might otherwise be difficult to complete. In addition to a $3,000 commission, successful applicants may also receive financial assistance to cover the program fee, accommodation, meals, and travel costs. The deadline for application is Friday March 14, 2008. For more information visit the Banff Centre website. More About: Journalism , Residency , Literary
Banff Centre on Literary Journalism: Residency
2008-03-10 08:00:00 The Banff Centre is offering a program involving off-site manuscript development (April 21 to June 20, 2008) and an on-site residency (July 7 to August 2, 2008). This program offers eight established non-fiction writers an opportunity to develop a major essay, memoir, or feature article. Writers are encouraged to explore new ideas in journalism, or to work on a culturally relevant piece that might otherwise be difficult to complete. In addition to a $3,000 commission, successful applicants may also receive financial assistance to cover the program fee, accommodation, meals, and travel costs. The deadline for application is Friday March 14, 2008. For more information visit the Banff Centre website. More About: Journalism , Residency , Literary
Mind the funding gap...
More articles from this author:2008-03-09 00:16:00 Today is International Women's Day, marked world-wide to celebrate women, but also to stop and consider what obstacles continue to be placed in their way. Last week the International Trade Union Confederation published a massive study showing that women's lots are clearly not as equal as men's. They found that around the world women still earn, on average, 16 percent less than their male colleagues. While the study doesn't single out particular industries, another new study shows that the arts industry is hardly an exception to this rule. A study released Wednesday by Réalisatrices Équitables, a Quebec pressure group composed of women film and television directors whose main objective is equity for women directors in Quebec, reveals women directors are consistently awarded less money by Quebec and Canadian agencies which fund cultural businesses. For example, between 2005 and 2007, while women were accepted for 27 percent of projects at the Canadian Television Fund they were on... More About: Funding , Mind 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 |
|
 |
|
 |
