Recurrent Depression

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What causes depression?
2006-12-16 16:52:03
There are many possible causes of depression. You may have an increased risk of experiencing depression because of your particular biological make-up. On the other hand, depression is also related to what is happening in your life, and the kind of support you receive from others. Is depression inherited?
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Primary Hypersomnia
2006-11-21 20:21:02
Diagnostic Features The essential feature of Prima ry Hype rsomnia is excessive sleepiness for at least 1 month as evidenced either by prolonged sleep episodes or by daytime sleep episodes occurring almost daily (Criterion A). The excessive sleepiness must be sufficiently severe to cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (Criterion B). The excessive sleepiness does not occur exclusively during the course of another Sleep Disorder (Criterion C) or mental disorder (Criterion D) and is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition (Criterion E).
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Primary Sleep Disorders - Dyssomnias
2006-11-21 20:21:02
Dyssomnias are primary disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep or of excessive sleepiness and are characterized by a disturbance in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep. This section includes Primary Insomnia, Primary Hypersomnia, Narcolepsy, Breathing-Related Sleep Disorder, Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, and Dyssomnia Not Otherwise Specified.
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Primary Insomnia
2006-11-21 20:21:02
Diagnostic Features The essential feature of Prima ry Insomnia is a complaint of difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or of nonrestorative sleep that lasts for at least 1 month (Criterion A) and causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (Criterion B). The disturbance in sleep does not occur exclusively during the course of another sleep disorder (Criterion C) or mental disorder (Criterion D) and is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition (Criterion E).
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Sleep Disorders Introduction
2006-11-21 20:21:02
The sleep disorders are organized into four major sections according to presumed etiology. Primary Sleep Disorders are those in which none of the etiologies listed below (i.e., another mental disorder, a general medical condition, or a substance) is responsible. Primary Sleep Disorders are presumed to arise from endogenous abnormalities in sleep-wake generating or timing mechanisms, often complicated by conditioning factors. Primary Sleep Disorders in turn are subdivided into Dyssomnias (characterized by abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep) and Parasomnias (characterized by abnormal behavioral or physiological events occurring in association with sleep, specific sleep stages, or sleep-wake transitions).
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Bulimia Nervosa Differential Diagnosis
2006-11-20 08:18:03
Individuals whose binge-eating behavior occurs only during Anorexia Nervosa are given the diagnosis Anorexia Nervosa, Binge-Eating/Purging Type, and should not be given the additional diagnosis of Bulimia Nervosa. For an individual who binges and purges but whose presentation no longer meets the full criteria for Anorexia Nervosa, Binge-Eating/Purging Type (e.g., when weight is normal or menses have become regular), it is a matter of clinical judgment whether the most appropriate current diagnosis is Anorexia Nervosa, Binge-Eating/Purging Type, In Partial Remission, or Bulimia Nervosa.
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Eating Disorders
2006-11-20 08:18:03
Introduction The Eating Disorders are characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior. This section includes two specific diagnoses, Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight. Bulimia Nervosa is characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications; fasting; or excessive exercise. A disturbance in perception of body shape and weight is an essential feature of both Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. An Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified category is also provided for coding disorders that do not meet criteria for a specific Eating Disorder.
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Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specified
2006-11-20 08:18:03
This category is included for coding Para philias that do not meet the criteria for any of the specific categories. Examples include, but are not limited to, telephone scatologia (obscene phone calls), necrophilia (corpses), partialism (exclusive focus on part of body), zoophilia (animals), coprophilia (feces), klismaphilia (enemas), and urophilia (urine).
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Anorexia Nervosa Subtypes
2006-11-20 08:18:03
The following subtypes can be used to specify the presence or absence of regular binge eating or purging during the current episode of Anorexia Nervosa: Restricting Type . This subtype describes presentations in which weight loss is accomplished primarily through dieting, fasting, or excessive exercise. During the current episode, these individuals have not regularly engaged in binge eating or purging.
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Anorexia Nervosa Diagnostic Features
2006-11-20 08:18:03
The essential features of Anorexia Nervosa are that the individual refuses to maintain a minimally normal body weight, is intensely afraid of gaining weight, and exhibits a significant disturbance in the perception of the shape or size of his or her body. In addition, postmenarcheal females with this disorder are amenorrheic. (The term anorexia is a misnomer because loss of appetite is rare.) The individual maintains a body weight that is below a minimally normal level for age and height (Criterion A). When Anorexia Nervosa develops in an individual during childhood or early adolescence, there may be failure to make expected weight gains (i.e., while growing in height) instead of weight loss.
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Diagnostic criteria for 307.1 Anorexia Nervosa
2006-11-20 08:18:03
A. Refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height (e.g., weight loss leading to maintenance of body weight less than 85% of that expected; or failure to make expected weight gain during period of growth, leading to body weight less than 85% of that expected). B. Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight.
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Anorexia Nervosa Differential Diagnosis
2006-11-20 08:18:03
Other possible causes of significant weight loss should be considered in the differential diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa, especially when the presenting features are atypical (such as an onset of illness after age 40 years). In general medical conditions (e.g., gastrointestinal disease, brain tumors, occult malignancies, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]), serious weight loss may occur, but individuals with such disorders usually do not have a distorted body image and a desire for further weight loss. The superior mesenteric artery syndrome (characterized by postprandial vomiting secondary to intermittent gastric outlet obstruction) should be distinguished from Anorexia Nervosa , although this syndrome may sometimes develop in individuals with Anorexia Nervosa because of their emaciation. In Major Depressive Disorder, severe weight loss may occur, but most individuals with Major Depressive Disorder do not have a desire for excessive weight loss or excessive fear of gaining...
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Anorexia Nervosa Prevalence
2006-11-20 08:18:03
The lifetime prevalence of Anorexia Nervosa among females is approximately 0.5%. Individuals who are subthreshold for the disorder (i.e., with Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified) are more commonly encountered. The prevalence of Anorexia Nervosa among males is approximately one-tenth that among females. The incidence of Anorexia Nervosa appears to have increased in recent decades.
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Anorexia Nervosa Associated Features and Disorders
2006-11-20 08:18:03
Associated descriptive features and mental disorders. When seriously underweight, many individuals with Anorexia Nervosa manifest depressive symptoms such as depressed mood, social withdrawal, irritability, insomnia, and diminished interest in sex. Such individuals may have symptomatic presentations that meet criteria for Major Depressive Disorder. Because these features are also observed in individuals without Anorexia Nervosa who are undergoing starvation, many of the depressive features may be secondary to the physiological sequelae of semistarvation. Symptoms of mood disturbance must therefore be reassessed after partial or complete weight restoration. Obsessive-compulsive features, both related and unrelated to food, are often prominent. Most individuals with Anorexia Nervosa are preoccupied with thoughts of food. Some collect recipes or hoard food. Observations of behaviors associated with other forms of starvation suggest that obsessions and compulsions related to food may ...
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Bulimia Nervosa Associated Features and Disorders
2006-11-20 08:18:03
Associated descriptive features and mental disorders. Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa typically are within the normal weight range, although some may be slightly underweight or overweight. The disorder occurs but is uncommon among moderately and morbidly obese individuals. There are suggestions that, prior to the onset of the Eating Disorder, individuals with Bulimia Nervosa are more likely to be overweight than their peers. Between binges, individuals with Bulimia Nervosa typically restrict their total caloric consumption and preferentially select low-calorie ("diet") foods while avoiding foods they perceive to be fattening or likely to trigger a binge.
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Bulimia Nervosa Prevalence
2006-11-20 08:18:03
The lifetime prevalence of Bulimia Nervosa among women is approximately 1%-3%; the rate of occurrence of this disorder in males is approximately one-tenth of that in females. Specific Culture, Age, and Gender Features
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Bulimia Nervosa Diagnostic criteria for 307.51 Bulimia Nervo
2006-11-20 08:18:03
A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following: (1) eating, in a discrete period of time (e.g., within any 2-hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat during a similar period of time and under similar circumstances (2) a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (e.g., a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating)
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Bulimia Nervosa Diagnostic criteria for 307.51 Bulimia Nervo
2006-11-20 08:18:03
A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following: (1) eating, in a discrete period of time (e.g., within any 2-hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat during a similar period of time and under similar circumstances (2) a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (e.g., a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating)
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Bulimia Nervosa Diagnostic Features
2006-11-20 08:18:03
The essential features of Bulimia Nervosa are binge eating and inappropriate compensatory methods to prevent weight gain. In addition, the self-evaluation of individuals with Bulimia Nervosa is excessively influenced by body shape and weight. To qualify for the diagnosis, the binge eating and the inappropriate compensatory behaviors must occur, on average, at least twice a week for 3 months (Criterion C). A binge is defined as eating in a discrete period of time an amount of food that is definitely larger than most individuals would eat under similar circumstances (Criterion A1). The clinician should consider the context in which the eating occurred—what would be regarded as excessive consumption at a typical meal might be considered normal during a celebration or holiday meal. A “discrete period of time” refers to a limited period, usually less than 2 hours. A single episode of binge eating need not be restricted to one setting. For example, an individual may be...
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Bulimia Nervosa Subtypes
2006-11-20 08:18:03
The following subtypes can be used to specify the presence or absence of regular use of purging methods as a means to compensate for the binge eating: Purging Type . This subtype describes presentations in which the person has regularly engaged in self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas during the current episode.
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Alcohol Addiction
1970-01-01 00:59:00
Narconon Drug Rehab in Georgia released these facts about alcohol abuse: More money is spent on alcohol advertising than on any other product.  (What most people forget is that alcohol is the most widely abused drug on the planet.) Alcohol addiction is one of the toughest to overcome, especially with televisions making alcohol look tasty, sensuous, sexy, or even smart.  (The irony here is that if you have a drunk person, they are none of these things.  How is a stumbling and slurring person who has had too much to drink sexy or smart?)
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Heroin Growing More Popular
1970-01-01 00:59:00
Narconon Drug Rehab issued a warning today that heroin addiction is on the rise. Executive Director of Narconon Drug Rehab, Mary Rieser warns, ?We are seeing an alarming number of new students coming in addicted to heroin.  The drug has grown in popularity amongst today?s youth.  Heroin is the most common addiction we are now seeing among the addicts arriving at our rehab for treatment and rehabilitation.? The DEA says that heroin is the most abused of all the opiates.  Heroin is common in all metropolitan areas on the east coast.  Heroin can vary in color from a white to darkish brown powder.  The darker the color the more additives the heroin has, such as fentanyl, strychnine, or other poisons. 
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Keep children?s health in mind
1970-01-01 00:59:00
If there is any real purpose to the 2020 summit, it could be to establish a national program of research, clinical and community activity that would deliver a 21st century response to the real child and youth mental health problems that our society creates. Although most of us now live long lives, we are well aware that we face new health challenges in the 21st century. In-depth community studies report that we all realise that the big gaps are in child health, mental health and Indigenous health. Thankfully, we now have a Prime Minister who has set real goals for closing the gap in Indigenous health. He has followed this up with his most recent announcement supporting high quality child care and early health and education initiatives. Twenty-five per cent of all health-related disability under the age of 14 is due to mental health problems. This rises to 60 per cent for 15 to 34 year olds. Overall 75 per cent of all adult mental disorders commence before age 25. Eight out of te...
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300 000 soldiers who served in Iraq or Afghanistan have PTSD or major depre
1970-01-01 00:59:00
Nearly one in five, or about 300,000, soldiers who has served in Iraq or Afghanistan has post-traumatic stress disorder or major depression?illnesses that could cost the U.S. as much as $6.2 billion over two years in care, lost productivity and lost lives through suicide, according to a RAND report released on Thursday, the Washington Post reports (Scott Tyson, Washington Post, 4/18). The study was based on telephone interviews conducted from August 2007 to January with 1,965 soldiers who have served in Iraq or Afghanistan, in some cases more than once. The soldiers interviewed live in 24 communities with high concentrations of service members, reservists and veterans. Researchers also conducted focus groups. About 1.6 million people have served in Iraq or Afghanistan in the past five years (Alvarez, New York Times, 4/18). In total, 31% of Iraq and Afghanistan soldiers have experienced a brain injury, stress disorder, or both, the report found. The study found that 19.5% of serv...
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Postpartum depression common among US women
1970-01-01 00:59:00
As many as one in five women in the United States suffers from postpartum depressive symptoms, according to results of a new survey. The findings, published in Thursday?s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, a publication of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, also indicate that certain groups of women, such as those with lower educational levels, are more prone to postpartum depressive symptoms. 
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Dementia often a consequence of Parkinson?s
1970-01-01 00:59:00
Dementia is a part of Parkinson ?s disease for most patients and reduces survival, researchers from Norway report, and the likelihood of developing dementia increases with age. Of 233 Parkinson?s disease patients, 140 (60 percent) developed dementia by the end of a 12-year follow up period, Dr. Dag Aarsland, of Stavanger University Hospital, and colleagues report in the journal Neurology. 
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FDA looks at link between medications, depression
1970-01-01 00:59:00
As symptoms of depression go, there is none much clearer than having thoughts of suicide. But a spate of recent announcements from federal health officials suggests a surprising new interpretation of suicidal fantasies and the depression they are thought to signal: Sometimes, sadness, anxiety and self-destructive thoughts are not symptoms but side effects?of medicine. In this year alone, federal regulators have warned that a surprising array of drugs could play a role in spurring thoughts of self-destruction. Medicines that treat epilepsy, asthma and influenza are now under suspicion, as is one that helps smokers kick the tobacco habit.
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Bipolar Disorder Across the Lifespan
1970-01-01 00:59:00
Bipolar disorder can affect people of all ages.  It may begin as early as infancy.  When the disorder begins in childhood or early adolescence, it may be a different, possibly more severe form of the illness than when the illness begins in late adolescence or adulthood. Symptoms of mania and depression in children and teens may also be different from symptoms in adults.
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Drug Rehab Programs Offer a Dual Diagnosis
1970-01-01 00:59:00
When you think about drug addiction, sometimes it is hard to see beyond the uncontrolled abuse of drugs.  For a lot of drug addicts that is only the surface of the problem.  For some, it is a much deeper rooted psychological and emotional issue.  There are factors in life that just make the feelings you get from drugs all the more desirable.  One such factor is a psychiatric or mood disorder.  We are talking disorders like depression, anxiety, and bi polar disorder.  These things can lead to drug addiction.  Drug rehab programs have learned to address such issues of disorder by offering services that treat these problems in addition to the addiction. Fact of the matter, such a mood or psychiatric problem can have a heavy hand in the development of an addiction.  The chemical imbalances of the central nervous system, when a disorder is present, can make the individual susceptible to the influences of drugs and alcohol.  If gone undiagnos...
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Management of Factitious Disorders: A Systematic Review
1970-01-01 00:59:00
Background: The literature regarding the management of factitious disorder (FD) is diverse and generally of case reports or case series. To date there has been no systematic review of the effectiveness of management techniques. Methods: Systematic review of all evidence reporting the management and subsequent outcome in FD. Data were extracted and outcomes were assessed using an adaptation of the Global Improvement Scale.
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