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CANCER of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
2008-04-28 09:31:00
For the last three decades, cancer of the stomach has been decreasing in frequency in the United States. It remains high in Japan and certain other Oriental nations, and is probably related to the intake of certain foods, some highly seasoned, and others extremely hot. The second most common type of cancer in our country is cancer of the colon and rectum. This often produces a change in bowel habits, the stools becoming more constipated or of small caliber. Bleeding from the rectum is occasionally seen. This is usually red when the tumor growth is low in the colon and darker, brown to black (called melena) when the lesion is high in the colon or coming from the small intestine or stomach. This color change is due to the partial digestion of blood products by bacteria and enzymes in the bowel.The rectal examination is helpful in detection of many cancers in their early stages. A ten-inch tube with attached light, called a sigmoidoscope can be used to look into the lower bowel, where ...
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BREAST CANCER
2008-04-27 09:29:00
Cancer of the breast is the leading cancer among women in Western countries. It appears that this cancer is caused by one of several viruses and is increased in certain population groups. As mentioned before women who breast-feed their babies seem to be protected. Those with fibrocystic disease, a condition where the mammary glands enlarge and become engorged with sacs of fluid have an increased risk of breast malignancy.Recent evidence points to the intake of caffeinated beverages, such as coffee, tea, and colas as factors in the production of this fibrocystic change. Beverage alcohol is believed to be one major risk factor in breast cancer. Men may also have breast cancer, but it is about 1/125th as common. Periodic self examination is an excellent aid to early detection of breast cancer, especially if it remains the same throughout the menstrual cycle.A great deal of controversy is raging in the medical world concerning the best treatment for breast cancer. Some types seem to be ...
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MIGRAINE
2008-04-26 09:30:00
The term migraine refers to periodic, throbbing headaches on one side of the head, which usually begins in childhood or adolescence, and occur with diminishing frequency during advancing years. Sometimes, along with the headache, nausea and vomiting may actually disable the affected individual for several hours each time the migraine occurs. Some variations are seen. Many are forced to lie down and to shun light and noise for what they call a ?sick headache.? Other milder forms do not require withdrawal from accustomed activities. Between attacks the migraine sufferer is essentially normal. In fact, the headache seems to be brought on during the ?let down? period after many days of hard work or stress. Spasm in the blood vessels has been implicatedand many powerful hormones are often released that perpetuate discomfortfor several hours.
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HEADACHE
2008-04-26 09:30:00
The term headache encompasses all aches and pains associated in the head. Along with fatigue, hunger, and thirst, headache represents man?s most frequent discomfort. It must always be kept in mind that headache is a symptom, not a disease, and its cause should always be ascertained. Some types of headaches are quite easy to diagnose. Infection or blockage of sinuses is usually accompanied by pain over the sinus area and in the forehead. It is often associated with tenderness of the skin in the same area.Sometimes the head seems to throb. Often headaches tend to return at the same hour of the day. Headache originating in the eye is usually located near the eye or in the forehead. It is of steady, aching type and tends to follow prolonged use of the eyes in close work. Muscle imbalance is often involved. A careful examination of the eyes by your doctor is recommended.Headaches accompanying diseases of the ligaments, muscles, and joints in the upper spine are usually referred to the ba...

LABORATORY TESTING
2008-04-26 09:30:00
Most laboratories today require requisitions from a physician to run various tests. New self-care home kits are now available for many screening tests, which can be done at home. Some of these are as follows: pregnancy test, blood cholesterol, blood glucose, and stool testing for occult blood. The latter is useful to periodically evaluate possible blood loss, as well as causes for anemia. Urine testing for protein or sugar, and fasting blood sugar measurements, are good screening tests for diabetes. These tests can be done on a group basis at health fairs, and for a considerably reduced cost.Cholesterol and triglyceride evaluations are periodically performed in coronary screening programs, and occasionally, it is possible to secure chest x-rays, electrocardiograms, and even treadmill tests from public health groups or private groups screening for cardiovascular disease. Sometimes the YMCA, religious camp meetings, or special health fairs in shopping centers will provide these tests ...
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BENIGN TUMORS
2008-04-26 09:28:00
Benign tumor growths, although not true cancers, share some of their same characteristics, such as viral causation, transformation of cells, and autonomous growth. A number of specific viruses are known to cause benign tumors. They are by far the most common of any new growths a person might have.Warts are benign tumors that occur in almost any location. They are very common on the hands. However, in spite of folklore rumors, they are not caused by handling frogs! A wart virus penetrates the skin and transforms dermal cells causing this unusual growth. When it occurs on the sole of the foot, around the nail beds, or in the genital organs, it may be difficult to eradicate, even quite painful.Warts can usually be frozen with liquid nitrogen, or may be removed chemically, such as with strong acids. Many physicians prefer to destroy the wart with an electric current (cautery) after appropriately anesthetizing the skin. Many of these can be successfully frozen or removed at home, if appr...

Anaphylactic Shock
2008-03-20 22:11:00
Anaphylactic shock is a highly dangerous allergic manifestation that occurs when an individual has an immediate life-threatening reaction to contact, ingestion, or injection of an allergen. This rarely occurs with food allergy, but is most commonly associated with drugs. Penicillin injections have periodically produced this severe type of anaphylactic shock.Stings from hornets, honey bees, bumblebees, and yellow jackets in sensitized individuals can provoke anaphylactic reactions. Even inhalation of allergens, such as antibiotic powder, or caster bean flour, may cause anaphylaxis.Symptoms occur within seconds to minutes after the substance enters into the body, when precipitous drop in blood pressure occurs. Frequently there is difficulty breathing, profuse sweating, and sudden generalized vascular relaxation that causes faintness. In fatal cases stoppage of the heart or respiration follows.Prompt emergency resuscitative measures are necessary to save the life of a victim in anaphyl...
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Food Allergies
2008-03-18 22:03:00
There is probably no area more controversial and perplexing as suspected allergies connected with food. These range from sensitivity to food additives, such as coloring, preservatives, and other foreign chemicals, to plant sources, to actual hypersensitivity to protein and other constituents of fruits, grains, nuts, vegetables, or animal foods. Careful detective work and long-term adherence to dietary regimens are frequently necessary to first diagnose and then live with food allergies.It is my belief that the stage is set for many food allergies by feeding patterns in infancy, such as the early introduction of solid foods, the widespread use of cow?s s milk in prepared formulas, and the relative lack of mother interest in prolonged breast feeding. Maternal use of drugs whichsensitize the babies in utero or during the breast-feeding period can also prepare the way for allergic responses to develop.The most common allergy that occurs in infancy is a sensitivity to cow?s milk. This is...
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Hives, or urticaria, is a very common manifestation of hypersensitivity
2008-03-16 13:30:00
The disease itself is manifested by the sudden appearance of reddened areas, which rapidly become welts, being distributed generally over the body or localized to the face, neck?s or extremities. Intense itching is usually present. The lesions often migrate and change their appearance rapidly. The rash, however, usually does not blister or weep unless scratching has abraded the skin and allowed the entrance of germs.Food allergies can sometimes cause hives. Very frequently an allergy to strawberries, shellfish, or some less common food can trigger a sudden onset of this rash. Reaction to substances such as wheat, milk, or eggs is more rare. It is necessary to avoid the food if one wishes to eliminate the symptom.Several drugs can also cause hives. This condition is usually termed a drug allergy. The most common producers of this drug reaction are Penicillin and related antibiotics. Sulfa drugs and pharmaceuticals from nearly every major class of medicinal agent can produce an urtica...
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Hay fever or allergic rhinitis is a hypersensitivity disease involving the
2008-03-14 13:24:00
Hay fever or allergic rhinitis is a hypersensitivity disease involving the nose and sinuses, The mucous membrane becomes inflamed in response to an allergic substance and produces a watery, profuse discharge associated with increased tearing, itching of the eyes, and sneezing. This condition is usually seasonal, with the peak incidence corresponding to the presence of the offending allergenic inhalants. Pollens of trees, grasses, wildflowers, and other weeds are the most common culprits in producing this allergy. Some people are affected by danders, the particles produced from the skin of animals or hair from cats, dogs, horses, etc. House dust, molds, feathers, and even certain foods can produce hay fever. The appearance of the inner mucous lining of the nose is usually pale and thin, as opposed to upper respiratory infections where the mucus becomes thick, and the mucous membrane reddened and swollen.Usually it is quite helpful for the allergy sufferer to know and identify the off...
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Asthma,This allergic disease of the respiratory system primarily affects th
2008-03-12 13:14:00
This allergic disease of the respiratory system primarily affects the lungs. At the end of each tiny air tube that reaches the lung is the alveolus, where gas exchange occurs. Here oxygen enters the red blood cells to be exchanged for carbon dioxide, which is then exhaled. The bronchial tubes that form the large and small air passages have a smooth specialized muscle in them that constricts under certain conditions. In contrast, with the smooth muscle of the artery walls, these bronchial muscles dilate in response to adrenalin and constrict in the presence of histamine as well as other chemical mediators of allergies. A condition described as bronchial asthma occurs when there is spasm of the bronchial tubes, leading to obstruction in the airway. Usually there is also excess mucus accumulation and thickening of the mucus?s making it more tenacious and difficult to clear.The asthmatic patient, then, primarily has an air hunger, with musical wheezes in the lung. These can be heard eas...
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Evidence on the Role of the Mediterranean Diet as a Whole in Longevity
2008-03-11 11:27:00
In a study undertaken in Greece, an overall nutritional score describing the traditional Mediterranean Diet and particularly the Greek version of it, and based on the eight characteristics of this diet, was a priori defined. The investigators reported that adherence to the traditional diet, as reflected by the nutritional score, favorably affected life expectancy among elderly people. Furthermore, when the individual components of this score were examined, they had weak and generally nonsignificant associations with survival, in contrast to the overall score, which had a substantial and significant effect. The favorable effect of the Mediterranean Diet on the survival of the elderly, assessed again through a score based on the eight characteristics ofthis diet, was also shown in a study conducted in Spain.Results of studies of the Mediterranean Diet in Mediterranean populations, however, may be confounded by the likely association of adult diet with early life nutritional patterns a...
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Fish , Cereal and Legumes on mediterranean Diet
2008-03-10 11:23:00
FishThough fish consumption varied widely both between and within Mediterranean countries, fish was by far preferred over meat in the traditional Mediterranean Diet . Fish consumption is associated with reduced coronary heart and cerebrovascular mortality, though a recent review of cohort studies suggests that the effect is more evident among high-risk groups only.A possible mechanism is the beneficial role of n-3 fatty acids on blood clotting and triglyceride levels.Cereal s and legumesCereals form the basis of the Mediterranean Diet pyramid and legumes are listed among the important compounds of diet in the Mediterranean region. Overall, there is substantial epidemiologic evidence that whole grains are associated with decreased risk of coronary artery disease and some cancers. The role of legumes in these diseases appears promising, but is as yet inconclusive, although it appears that frequent consumption of legumes and derivatives is associated with reduced levels of LDL cholestero...
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Olive oil ON mediterranean diet
2008-03-09 11:18:00
By definition, olive oil is a central component of the diet in the Mediterranean basin. The Greek version of the Mediterranean Diet and, to a lesser extent, the other versions of this diet, are dominated by the consumption of olive oil. Olive oil is the only vegetable oil obtained from whole fruit rather than from seeds. As compared with other vegetable oils, olive oil has a peculiar fatty acid composition (percentage (mol/mol) of methyl esters): oleic acid (56.0?83.0), palmitic acid (7.5?20.0), linoleic acid (3.5?20.0), stearic acid (0.5?3.5), palmitoleic acid (0.3?3.5), linolenic acid (0.0?1.5), myristic acid (0.0?0.05), and other fatty acids in minute amounts. Olive oil also contains, in total concentration of about 2% of the oil, several other minor compounds, among which tocopherols, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds have powerful antioxidant properties.Extra virgin olive oil is particularly rich in phenols.The exact mechanism of action of flavonoids and other polyphenols has...
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Vegetables and fruits oN the Mediterranean Diet
2008-03-08 11:58:00
Consumption of vegetables and fruits has been systematically found to reduce the risk of most forms of cancer, although the responsible compounds or processes have not yet been established. High consumption of vegetables and fruits is typical among Mediterranean s and helps explain the relatively low incidence of several forms of cancer in the region. Some of the earliest studies demonstrating this inverse association have been reported from Mediterranean countries, particularly from Greece, where the consumption of vegetables has been and remains exceptionally high. Thus, in 1983, it was reported that high consumption of vegetables and, independently, low consumption of red meat substantially reduce the risk for cancer of the large bowel. Two years later, the results of another study indicated that individuals consuming high quantities of raw vegetables and citrus fruits, as well as whole-grain bread, were less likely to be affected by cancer of the stomach. Another study from Greec...
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Musculoskeletal Pain
2008-03-07 13:40:00
Pain involving the ligaments and muscles is often seen in athletic injuries. When the ligament is torn, the injury is called a sprain. This often occurs in the ankle, the knee, the low back, or shoulder. Muscles that are bruised often become painful and when the injury is considerable, that is called a strain. These small ligaments and muscle fibers may actually be torn, but heal without any residual weakness, after a short period of rest. Inflammation of the bursa (bursitis) may occur as the result of trauma, arthritis, infection or other disorders. Common locations include the shoulder, hip, knee, elbow and heel. Severe local pain and tenderness is often present. Sometimes calcium deposits are seen on x-ray. Immediate application of cold in the form of snow or an ice bag is one of the most helpful remedies, followed by mild exercise and gentle hot and cold compresses, after the acute inflammation subsides.The tendon sheath of the hand or wrist may become inflamed, Some of these ar...
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BACK PAIN
2008-03-06 19:38:00
Pain in the lower back, as well as the neck is very common in America. Many related, but distinct conditions can produce discomfort here. Disease of the spine, although less common than other problems, is often related to injury. An auto accident or sudden fall, causing acute flexion of the back, may compress and fracture one of the vertebral bodies. It may be an early sign of osteoporosis, thinning of the bones due to calcium deficiency. X-ray is often necessary to diagnose this condition accurately. Immobilization on a straight board, with the avoidance of any flexion, standing, or walking is extremely important First Aid in dealing with these acute injuries. Braces, which keep the back in extension, are often worn for several months in the treatment of a fractured spine.Local pain in the low back can be caused by any process, which irritates nerve endings. Straining of the muscles, protrusion of a disc, rupture of a ligament, and many less common problems can injure the tissues a...
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ABDOMINAL PAIN
2008-03-06 11:34:00
The correct interpretation of acute abdominal pain is one of the most challenging demands made of any physician. Sometimes proper therapy requires urgent action. A great deal of experience and judgment is needed to elucidate the cause.A number of mechanisms can produce abdominal pain. Inflammation of the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum) can produce pain of steady, aching character. This pain is usually located directly over the inflamed area and the area will also be quite tender. Release of a small amount of stomach acid will cause much more pain than even contaminated intestinal contents will whenthe appendix ruptures.Another type of pain occurs in the distention or obstruction of hollow organs. This is usually intermittent or cramping in nature. Colic in the abdomen can be produced from obstruction of bile duct, the gallbladder, the ureters, or the intestines. Since all of these may cause vomiting, the location of the pain and other related symptoms must be considered in arrivi...
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CHEST PAIN
2008-03-05 19:31:00
There is very little parallel between the severity of chest pain and the seriousness of its cause. A frequent problem exists in distinguishing trivial disorders from coronary artery disease or other serious health hazards. It is important to avoid the long tradition now shown to be myth, that pain beneath the left breast or radiating into the left arm is always of cardiac origin.Such pain is often observed in patients who are tense, easily fatigued, or anxious.Oxygen deficiency of the heart muscle can produce pain. This is the syndrome medically termed angina pectoris. When the oxygen supply is deficient in relation to the need, pain will develop in the heart muscle. This may be aggravated by exercise, or occur during a stressful situation, or after a heavy meal. Atherosclerosis (narrowing) of the coronary arteries is the most common cause. Spasms of the small cardiac vessels may also trigger this pain (angina), which usually subsides with a short rest.Pain in the esophagus usually ...
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TENSION HEADACHE
2008-03-05 11:29:00
This type of headache usually occurs over both sides of the head and often settles at the base of the neck. A fullness, tightness, or pressure is often described. Sometimes these headaches show the peculiarity of being continuous day and night for long periods of time. Sustained muscle tension, as well as vascular changes may be involved. Sometimes a similar headache may follow injury (auto accidents, head trauma) and gradually resolves over many months.Simple remedies may be used with success in the treatment of headache. A person should lie down in a quiet area, apply a cold compress to the head, and seek to put the mind at rest. Often a drink of water or mild nerve-calming tea such as catnip or chamomile tea can relax the person until the headache passes. More severe types of headaches can be treated with the hot foot bath.This is described in the section on hydrotherapy. Adding mustard to the foot bath may also bring relief through acting as a counterirritant as well as pulling ...
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HEADACHE
2008-03-04 11:25:00
The term headache encompasses all aches and pains associated in the head. Along with fatigue, hunger, and thirst, headache represents man?s most frequent discomfort. It must always be kept in mind that headache is a symptom, not a disease, and its cause should always be ascertained. Some types of headaches are quite easy to diagnose. Infection or blockage of sinuses is usually accompanied by pain over the sinus area and in the forehead. It is often associated with tenderness of the skin in the same area.Sometimes the head seems to throb. Often headaches tend to return at the same hour of the day. Headache originating in the eye is usually located near the eye or in the forehead. It is of steady, aching type and tends to follow prolonged use of the eyes in close work. Muscle imbalance is often involved. A careful examination of the eyes by your doctor is recommended.Headaches accompanying diseases of the ligaments, muscles, and joints in the upper spine are usually referred to the ba...

How The Skin Works
2008-03-02 09:39:00
The largest organ of the body is the skin. Some writers have called it ?keyboard of the hydrotherapist.? Through the numerous blood vessels and nerves of our skin, and their reflex connections with the internal organs, practically every organ of the body can be influenced by applications of heat or cold to the skin surface. Small muscle bundles are found in the dermis, connected with the hair follicles. Contraction of these arrectores pilorum muscles cause the hair to stand erect, producing a peculiar roughness of the skin known as ?goose flesh.? Applications of cold or sensations of chilliness can bring this condition. With cold, the skin also becomes blanched, as blood squeezes out of the vessels by this muscular contraction. An enormous network of lymphatic vessels, veins, and capillaries is present. These tiny tubes that constantly convey fluid back to the heart contain thousands of valves and nerve fibers. This gives them the ability toshift blood flow from one area to another....
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RATIONAL APPROACHES to ILLNESS
2008-03-01 23:50:00
In dealing with any disease, the first step toward diagnosis is found in the health history and its interpretation. All facts of significance in the lifestyle of the individual up to the time of illness should be evaluated as possible contributors to the present problem. Allergies to drugs, foods, orenvironmental factors should also be evaluated in the face of present illness. Second, the careful analysis of the illness under question with all of its various symptoms, including other factors that have ensued from the first onset to the present need to be considered. Most diseases fit certain patterns. As organ systems and their disorders are discussed, these patterns will become obvious. Thus, the intelligent interpretation of a medical history provides one of the most valuable clues to understand illness and its proper diagnosis.Remember this one caution in the proper interpretation of health history. Accurate recall for the patient is very important. However, most sick individuals...
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TYPES OF THERAPY
2008-03-01 23:48:00
In the privacy of your home, there are several types of therapy that deserve particular attention. Naturally, it is our instinctive tendency to look for the simplest way of getting well. Often people resort to drugs in an attempt to cure themselves, only to find that the drug has changed the form and location the disease, producing new symptoms or complications that might even be worse than the original disease. Furthermore, the expense of drugs, together with their long term risk are reason for great caution in their use by the home health practitioner.Diet is an extremely important type of home treatment. In case of illness, the patient?s diet should be simpler than is usually eaten. Sometimes a fruit fast for a few days will help a person recover without a grain of medicine.Juices have a more limited place. Sometimes skipping a meal and drinking water or fruit juice will allow nature a chance to build up defenses against the invader. This should be done at mealtimes, not drinking...
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Imaging regional cerebral blood flow
2008-01-24 16:21:00
The evidence we have examined indicates that meaningful neural events may entail activity in a distributed network in such a manner that at each of the cortical loci involved there is coherent activation of neurons in an area extending over several millimetres. One corollary of this is that the patterns of activation are accessible to macroscopic imaging techniques that measure local changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) associated with changes in the metabolic requirements of active neurons. Techniques such as PET and fMRI can be used to provide images of rCBF with a spatial resolution of several millimetres. SPET provides images of rCBF with somewhat less sensitivity and resolution. It is likely that the demand for increased rCBF during neuronal firing will be greatest in the vicinity of the synapses, since synaptic processes consume a substantial amount of energy.In principle, the activation of either excitatory neurons or inhibitory neurons can cause an increase in rCBF...
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Imaging neuroreceptors
2008-01-24 16:17:00
Positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission tomography (SPET) can be used to measure the distribution of radioactively labelled tracers in the brain. When the tracer is a ligand for a specific neuroreceptor, the distribution of the labelled tracer provides a quantitative measure of the spatial distribution of accessible receptors. However, not only are there many technical difficulties in preparing a labelled tracer that binds with high specificity to the receptor of interest, and in executing the imaging procedure, but there are intrinsic uncertainties regarding the behaviour of ligands in vivo that complicate the interpretation of the observed binding of the administered ligand. In particular, the administered ligand must compete with any endogenous ligand that is present. A decrease in the amount of tracer that binds to receptors in a particular condition may reflect either a decrease in receptor number or an increase in the concentration of endogenous ligand oc...
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link fatigue to other markers of disease activity.
2008-01-09 22:03:00
Several studies have attempted to link fatigue to other markers of disease activity. These include general measures of nutritional status such as weight and albumin, and tumour-specific markers of disease. In general these studies show disappointingly few clear associations:Mendoza et al. (1999) showed a relationship between albumin levels and fatigue for both solid and haematological malignancy, but Monga et al. (1999) found no association between fatigue and haematocrit or body weight in patients with carcinoma of the prostate. Monga?s study also did not find any association between prostate-specific antigen and fatigue in this group. Similarly Stone et al. (1999) found no association between subjective fatigue and malnutrition.Should we be surprised by the somewhat unspectacular associations between disease activity and fatigue? In a review of the literature Wessely et al. (1998) assessed the association between many different physical diseases and fatigue and in general found a ...
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Sociodemographic risk factors for fatigue in cancer
2008-01-09 22:00:00
The pattern of increased risk of fatigue among women which was so clearly demonstrated in population-based studies of healthy individuals is not so obvious in cancer-related fatigue. Of nine studies identified which assessed the relationship, five found no difference between men and women (Hickok et al. 1996; Smets et al. 1998a; Glaus 1998; Donnelly et al. 1995; Stone et al. 1999), whilst the remaining four (Vogelzang et al. 1997; Smets et al. 1998b; Loge et al. 1999; Akechi et al. 1999) showed that women had more fatigue than men. The key difference between papers which appear to show a difference and those which do not is the disease stage or time from treatment?those that found a difference in rates between men and women tended to have taken samples with earlier disease or ?survivors? in whom the disease had remitted. It may be that with less aggressive or remitted disease, the pattern of fatigue becomes closer to that of the general population.The pattern of fatigue in cancer ac...
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Prevalence: how common is fatigue in cancer?
2008-01-09 21:57:00
The simple answer to this question is ?very?. However, there are a number of important obstacles to determining the prevalence of fatigue in cancer patients. In part it is difficult to gain a reliable picture of the prevalence of fatigue in cancer because most studies which look at fatigue in cancer assess the symptom in special groups. It is likely that the prevalence of fatigue in cancer patients varies significantly accordingto site and type of cancer, stage of disease, presence of medical co-morbidity (anaemia,infection, metabolic disturbance), and psychiatric disorders (especially depression andanxiety).it makes the results difficult to interpret except to those familiar with the questionnaires involved.Some studies have assessed the prevalence of fatigue against other common symptoms:Ng and von Gunten (1998) found that fatigue and weakness were the two commonest symptoms in hospice patients, with a prevalence of over 80%, whereas painwas only present in approximately half. De...
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Uncertainties regarding assessment, treatment,and future care
2008-01-09 21:49:00
The complexity of fatigue in cancer and the wide range of different mechanisms means that accurate assessment, with an understanding of the likely cause(s) and associated factors, is critical to considering treatment options. There has been a lack of information on this in the past, often leading doctors and nurses to feel hopeless in the face of fatigue.But some possible methods of assessing fatigue and monitoring progress are now available. Measuring the severity and consequences of fatigue is complex; fatigue is difficult to measure, because of the different ways in which it is interpreted and understood. Yet this is vital if treatments and their outcomes are to be monitored over time. Treatment options are varied, depending on the likely cause. The evidence base for treatments is only now developing; studies are often lacking and are difficult to conduct.However, correction of simple causes, such as sleep interruption or anaemia, if identified, is a common first step. There are ...
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