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Why does a baby cry at birth?
2007-12-15 11:41:00
Most babies cry briefly in order to take their first breath. No one can say for sure whether the cry is purely reflexive or whether it reflects distress or pain, but the crying serves a vital purpose. During delivery a baby's oxygen supply is temporarily interrupted, and babies are almost always born in a state of oxygen starvation. Crying clears fluids from the respiratory tract and allows the baby to take in great gulps of air that inflate the lungs.
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How do arranged marriages differ from ones based on love?
2007-12-13 04:43:00
While most couples in Western societies marry for love, people in many other parts of the world follow the tradition of having marriages arranged. Even in the West, unions arranged by the couple's families occur among some ethnic groups.Arranged marriages appear to be more durable than ones based on love. In part, this is because the society usually frowns on the breakup of an arranged union and makes getting a divorce difficult. And in such cultures, women often cannot work and support themselves. But some scholars also believe that partners themselves tend to be more satisfied in the long run, because each goes into the marriage without expecting personal happiness. Since the wife and husband commit themselves to marriage and family rather than romance, they tend to stay together even when they are incompatible.Furthermore, spouses whose marriage has been arranged usually have strong ties to large families on both sides. This provides a ready source of close family friends, who m...
More About: Society , Love , Marriages , Diff , Ages

How keen is the sense of taste?
2007-12-10 13:18:00
Bitterness can be detected in a solution as weak as one part per 2 million, sourness one part per 130,000, and saltiness one part per 400. It takes much more sweetness to register a sweet sensation - one part per 200.However, taste buds can be tricked. After you brush your teeth, the usually sweet taste of orange juice seems bitter because of the chemicals left behind by your toothpaste. Conversely, certain chemicals in artichokes make almost anything you put in your mouth for a few minutes afterward seem sweet.
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Desert frying pan
2007-12-08 10:56:00
Death Valley - This desert frying pan holds not one record but three - it is the the hottest, driest and lowest place in North AmericaDeadman Pass, Dry Bone Canyon, Funeral Mountains - the very place names of California's Death Valley are sinister. This is North America's hottest, driest area - a place of baking summer heat where a whole year can pass without a drop of rain.On summer days, the thermometer routinely rises to 43degreeC (110degreeF), and temperatures raching more than 49degreeC (120degreeF) have been recorded daily for a period of just over six weeks. When rain comes, it is often in sudden downpours that flood the heat-baked ground with torrents of water and mud.Death Valley claims another record at its lowest point, 282ft (86m) below sea level, it is the lowest place on the North American continent. It formed when huge blocks of land sank downwards along fault lines, while adjacent blocks rose to form the neighbouring mountains. This deep trench, with its very low-l...
More About: Nature , Desert

Survivors in a tough world
2007-12-07 14:12:00
Plants that grow in the frozen land north of Brooks Range must have special qualities to survive the cold, wind and low rainfall. All plants grow close to the ground, minimising the battering effects of cold. desiccating winds - the polar willow (Salix polaris), for example, grows flat on the ground. Heat is trapped in clumped plants - the temperature in the centre of a clump of moss campion may 22 degree C (40 degree F) higher than the surrounding air. Moss campion's narrow leaves cut down moisture loss, and so do leaves pressed close to a stem, such as the arctic bell heather's. Only at flowering time do stems reach above the tundra carpet, and then they bend in the wind.
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Lakes tinted with changing colours
2007-12-06 02:59:00
An Indonesian island's lakes are said to be the resting place of souls The souls of sorcerers, the people of Flores say, live high in the mountains of their Indonesian island home, in a lake where the water looks black. The green lake close by is the home of sinners' souls, and the souls of virgins and infants rest in a third lake coloured a much paler green.The three lakes lie more than 5200ft (1600m) up, cradled in the craters of Keli Mutu, one of Flore's many extinct volcanoes. The island also has 14 active volcanoes - and frequent earthquakes.Lakes of improbable colours lying side by side are surprising enough, until you hear that not many years before, their waters were a different trio of colours - black, maroon and blue. In the 1960s they were cafe au lait, red, brown and blue. Thirty years before that the colours were much as they are now.No one has yet discovered the reason for the lakes' colours, let alone why they change. They lie enigmatically in once fiery hollows w...
More About: Nature , Colours , Changing

Gosse Bluff - A mysterious crater
2007-12-05 04:16:00
While dinosaurs forage in the green heart of Australia, a huge fireball plunges into the plain, shattering the landscape with a force hundreds of thousands of times greater than that of the nuclear bomb that destroyed the Japanese city of Hiroshima in 1945. Slowly, a huge mushroom cloud of dust and debris rises from the scene, blotting out the sun and darkening the skies of the Southern Hemisphere for months.Such was the dramatic birth of Gosse Bluff , a massive, rock-rimmed crater gouged out by the impact of a comet 130 million years ago. The comet - a ball of frozen carbon dioxide, ice and dust one-third of a mile (660m) across became a flaming furnace as it hurled to Earth. It penetrated only about half a mile (800m) into the ground, but blew up some 150sq miles (400sq km) of the surrounding land, sending shock waves across the globe and flinging up gigantic rings of earth and stone like ripples in a pond.Massive thumbprintThe original crater was about 12 miles (120km) in diameter...
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Sun may be smaller 300 km than thought
2007-11-26 04:09:00
The Sun may be smaller than we thought, a new study argues.If correct, then other properties of the Sun such as its internal temperature and density may be slightly different than previously calculated. Understanding the Sun's interior is important as it might help scientists make predictions about space weather and answer questions about the solar system.The Sun has no solid surface. Its atmosphere merely gets thinner and more transparent farther from its centre.Instead the Sun's "surface" is defined to be the depth in the Sun's atmosphere where it becomes opaque to light. Scientists measure this by observing the Sun with telescopes and measuring the distance between the centre of the Sun's disc and its "edge" ? the place where its brightness suddenly drops off. This gives a radius of 695,990 kilometres, or about 109 times the radius of Earth.A second, completely different way to measure the Sun's size is by using surface gravity waves called f-modes that ripple across the sur...
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New brush could make toothpaste obsolete
2007-11-25 12:46:00
Toss the toothpaste. The future of oral hygiene is solar.University of Saskatchewan dentistry professor emeritus Dr. Kunio Komiyama and his colleague Dr. Gerry Uswak are recruiting 120 teens willing to brush with a prototype light-powered toothbrush and sit in a dentist's chair for a few extra inspections.The manufacturer, the Shiken company of Japan, is paying the researchers to investigate whether the brush, which causes a chemical reaction in the mouth, does a better job of eliminating plaque and bacteria than a conventional toothbrush.Komiyama's first model, which was described 15 years ago in the Journal of Clinical Periodontology, contained a titanium dioxide rod in the neck of the brush, just below the nylon bristles. It works when light shines on the wet rod, releasing electrons. Those electrons react with acid in the mouth, which helps break down plaque. No toothpaste is required.Now Komiyama's back with a newer model, the Soladey-J3X, which he says packs twice the chemi...
More About: Health , Obsolete , Brush , Make , Toothpaste

List of well known Phobias
2007-11-21 10:47:00
What is a phobia?The difference between a phobia and a sensible fear is the panic that grips a phobic person. A phobia is like a fear gone wild, robbing a person of reason. For example, a respect for the dangers of falling off a cliff reflects a healthy sense of reality; but a panicky preoccupation with heights can prevent a person from working in a tall building or vacationing in the mountains. One of the cruelest aspects of a phobia is that it can dominate a person's thoughts even when the person knows the fear is irrational.How common are these irrational, consuming fears?There are hundreds of phobias and millions of peoples suffer from them around the globe. The American Psychiatric Association separates phobias into three general kinds. The most common kind is agoraphobia, actually a complex group of fears involved with being in public places. Then there are simple phobias and social phobias.Broadly speaking, simple phobias are connected to one thing or to a specific activity....
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Did you know?
2007-11-21 10:10:00
Tiny but useful facts1. Earl Silas Tupper was working for Du Pont in the USA when, in the 1930s, he transformed a lump of black polythene slag, a by-product of oil refinery, into a lightweight, nonbreakable plastic. He used it to make the airtight food containers known as Tupperware from 1938.2. Monitoring aircraft on a radar screen is monotonous, but inattention can be fatal. The stress of this job has given many an air-traffic controller a case of peptic ulcers.3. The Japanese version of MS Office has a character you can't find in any other version. The 'Office Lady' is a virtual assistant that bows, serves tea.4. In 840, Ziryab, a colloquial Arabic term that translates as "Blackbird", a singer from Baghdad, opened the world's first beauty school in Spain. He taught hairdressing, how to use cosmetics and how to make deodorant.5. Feathers attached to a handle were used as fans around 3000 BC by the Chinese. They soon created falt hand fans by stretching silk, bamboo or palm lea...

Keep on trucking
2007-11-19 05:12:00
In the space of a year, American truckers may travel 800 000 km. (500 000 miles) in their 18 wheel 'big rigs' - the equivalent of driving round the world more than 20 times. The speed limit in the USA is only 88 km/h (55 mph) and typical coast-to-coast journey can be 5000 km (3000 miles) each way. So truckers often work in pairs: one sleeps while the other drives. Husband-and-wife teams are not uncommon.Many trucks have a specially designed living space attached to the back of the driver's cabin. These 'sleepers' can be up to 3 m (10 ft) high and 2.4 m (8 ft) square. Their fittings may include a television, cooking facilities, shower, toilet and bed. The trucks' fuel consumption is enormous too: a large rig uses 30 litres of diesel per 100 km (9 mpg).Truckers are a breed apart. Spending so much time on the road away from their families creates enormous stress, so they have developed their own trucker community, conversing on CB radio and meeting at the many truck stops that do...
More About: Society , Trucking

The maid of Zaragoza
2007-11-18 14:18:00
In the struggle between Spain and Napoleon's armies the city of Zaragoza lay under siege, continuously bombarded by enemy fire. As demoralised soldiers started to leave their posts, a young Spanish girl, 22-year-old Augustina Domonech, took over a cannon and began to return fire at the French, vowing never to leave the gun as long as she remained alive.Augustina's heroic action brought the Spanish soldiers back to their posts, and the battle raged on. Eight months later, in February 1809, Zaragoza finally fell, overwhelmed by the might and persistence of the French. Augustina, however, escaped the ruined city to continue fighting for Spain.Lord Byron celebrated the maid of Zaragoza in his poem Childe Harold, and her bravery earned the love and respect of all who met her.Augustina's exploits continued during the guerrilla war against the French. Attacked in 1813 by three bandits, she left two dead, escaped with a wound to the cheek. In her words, it was only 'a severe scuffle'.A...
More About: History , Maid

Dear skins
2007-11-17 11:05:00
One hundred years before the birth of Christ, China was ruled by the Han Emperor Wu Ti. To his embarrassment, WuTi found himself desperately short of cash and sought some ingenious device to milk his noblemen of their excess wealth.It was his wily Prime Minister who devised the cunning plan that saved the imperial finances. As a first step, the emperor appropriated all the white deer in his domain, enclosing them in the royal park. Then he decreed that all princes and courtiers wishing to enter the imperial presence must, as an essential point of protocol, wear a white deerskin mask. The deerskin could, of course, be bought - at an extortionate price - only from the emperor himself.In an attempt to avoid impoverishment by the emperor's new decree, a nobleman who had bought one of the expensive skins would offer to pass it on to a colleague, in return for goods or services. And in this way, the deer skins became established as a form of currency, one of the world's best-attested ex...
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Places where people 'talk' in whistles
2007-11-13 12:40:00
Fans of the Marx Brothers will know the comic routines in which Harpo - the one who never speaks - communicates with his brothers through a frantic series of whistles and the honking of a horn. But they might be surprised to learn that there are places in the world where people really do speak to one another by whistling as part of everyday life.The Mazateco Indians of Oaxaca, Mexico, are frequently seen whistling back and forth to one another, exchanging greeting, or buying and selling goods, with no risk of a misunderstanding. Mazateco children learn the art of whistling almost as soon as they can talk.Bilingual tunestersA Mazateco can 'hear' the word that is intended because the whistler mimics ordinary speech so cleverly. Some of the Mazateco can actually whistle in two languages - their own Indian dialect and Spanish.The Mazateco never use their fingers when whistling, relying entirely on their lips. When they were shown a photograph of people putting their fingers in their m...
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Taulipang Indians consider pain a tonic
2007-11-11 10:34:00
Adolescence is difficult enough without its onset being greeted by a whipping, having your chin, arms and chest scored with cuts, and having an open basketwork frame of stinging ants pressed against your body.That is how the Taulipang Indians of the Guianas in South America initiate boys into manhood. And if any boy shows signs of fear or of feeling the pain, his ordeal is repeated. Each part of the ceremony has its significance. The whipping purifies the boy and gives him strength. The cuts on the chin are believed to help to make him expert with his blowpipe, and those on the arms improve his archery. The agony of the ants is said to 'refresh' him, keeping him active and wide awake.The Taulipang Indians do not reserve these painful encounters with insects solely for puberty rites. Most people voluntarily undergo it whenever they feel in need of an invigorating tonic. Once, an entire village went through the ceremony before an important visitor arrived. The Taulipang also claim t...
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Research looks at toddlers' sleep
2007-10-07 12:14:00
Anyone who has cared for toddlers knows that many mysteries lurk in the 2- and 3-year-old brain. One of the biggest concerns their sleep.How much do they need? Why does one child conk out at 7 p.m. while others are still playing outside? When and why will he stop napping? Does it matter if he skips the nap?You won't find answers in the parenting books. Almost nothing is known about the biological processes that determine when and how much a preschooler sleeps, nor what happens when she doesn't sleep enough. That's because -- as anyone who has cared for a toddler can understand -- research on children this age is exceedingly difficult.Fortunately for concerned parents and curious sleep scientists, Monique K. LeBourgeois has entered the breach.A research professor at Brown University, LeBourgeois and two assistants have been visiting cooperative families in their homes, where they befriend the resident toddler, use games, books and toys to keep the little one awake, and measure the...
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Intelligence and Instinct - Part 5
2007-09-30 11:32:00
Helping others to find food has advantagesSparrows often tell one another about a good food supply by making chirruping calls from a safe perch. Once a group has gathered, they all begin to feed.There is a good reason for this unselfish behaviour, however. In Britain, the house sparrow population is thought to number about 12 million. But they have found that life around humans can be dangerous. Domestic cats pose the main threat, and the recovery of the suburban sparrowhawk population in recent years has renewed another.By breeding and feeding in a large group, each bird cuts down its risk of being caught by a hungry predator, so it can spend less time on the lookout for trouble and more time searching for something to eat. But when the food, a piece of bread perhaps, cannot be shared easily, the sparrow reverts to its natural selfishness and secretly gorges itself.Juvenile North American ravens also appear to help each other out. In winter they range widely for food, and often fin...
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Intelligence and Instinct - Part 4
2007-09-25 11:34:00
Birds learn solutions to their problemsMarsh harriers, which frequent wetlands in many parts of the Old World, have been observed drowning waterfowl that they have caught in pools or shallow streams. They hold the victim's head under water until it stops struggling. But as these birds never try to drown fish they have caught, it must be assumed that this behaviour is learned and not instinctive.Crows, too, are excellent problem solvers, both in the wild and in captivity. Fatty treats hung on string in gardens to attract tits, for example, are often taken by crows. They pull up the string with their beaks while holding the slack against the branch with one foot.Cracking the problemForaging successfully in an uncertain world takes skill, and crows are very adaptable - in western Canada some of them take whelks from the seashore at low tide.Experiments have shown that the crows pick up only those shells that weigh enough to contain a live whelk. They seem to know that an underweight s...
More About: Intelligence , Animals , Part

Intelligence and Instinct - Part 3
2007-09-16 11:58:00
Red ants send their fire brigade to the rescueIn the 1930s, a French researcher at a government laboratory discovered fire-fighting ants in the laboratory garden. When a lighted match was placed near their nest, the red ants of one particular colony lined up to squirt it with formic acid from their abdomens. But none of the other colonies of red ants in the garden responded to fire in this way.It turned out that an official at the laboratory regularly dropped cigarette ends near the nest of this particular red ant colony while taking a walk round the garden. So the ants were used to fire and had learned how to deal with it.
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Intelligence and Instinct - Part 2
2007-09-14 10:47:00
Although much animal behaviour is instinctive, there are many examples of animals with the ability to use reason and learn.Keen-minded squirrels rise to every challengeWhen a nut is the prize, it seems that a squirrel is prepared to tackle practically any problem. Zoologists studying wild squirrels have sometimes set them the most complex tasks, such as negotiating more than 20 obstacles to reach food. Each of these presents a problem that must be solved, such as pulling a lever to release a gate, balancing on thin wires, working a seesaw or pulling up a string with a nut suspended from it.But a squirrel's readiness to meet a challenge does not indicate that it is foolhardy. A squirrel that is feeding stops repeatedly to look round for danger from dogs, cats or hawks. Its caution is instinctive, but its reactions are often based on reason. The squirrel is continually assessing the risk of being caught to help it to decide whether to feed on the food scraps at its feet or take them ...
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Intelligence and Instinct - Part I
2007-09-12 12:30:00
The controversy about how much animal behaviour is instinctive, and how much is rational, has endured for centuries. Biologists have made great progress in understanding how instinctive behaviours are inherited and in discovering how remarkably intelligent some animals can be. But far from resolving the argument, these discoveries have only served to intensify it. While much animal behaviour can be explained by reflexes and conditioning, there is increasing evidence to suggest that some animals are conscious and rational beings, with a clear sense of self and a subtle understanding of their relationships with others of their kind that are very similar to our own. Understanding the animal mind is one of the most difficult, challenging fields of modern biology.The mind of the octopusWe are inclined to credit primates with the highest levels of intelligence, but there is proof that octopuses, too, are among the most intelligent of animals. Laboratory tests have shown that they are able...
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The messages relayed in the dawn chorus
2007-09-11 14:39:00
At daybreak on a May morning, the northern European woodland fills with the sounds of bird song. First a trilling blackbird call, then perhaps a thrush song. Slowly it builds up to a climax of trills, warbles and chirps as male birds stand on their song posts and lustily sing their parts in the dawn chorus. A songster has to be awake and singing as early as possible in the morning if it is to keep hold of its hard-earned territory.To human ears this chorus of birdsong is powerful and varied, but the voice of each individual bird is virtually impossible to pick out. In the midst of the chorus, each bird sings its own song and listens for any intruders nearby, for each species can distinguish the individuals of its own kind.A male pigeon, with its simple two-note call, is heard and understood by other pigeons. The other males know that he is laying claim to a patch of woodland, while the females recognise his advertisement for a mate.When starlings gather early in the evening, and aga...
More About: Animals , Messages , Dawn , The Message , The D

Explosions made by bombardier beetles
2007-09-07 03:11:00
The bombardier beetle gets its name from the explosive sound it gives off when threatened, loosing up to 50 burning, chemical volleys of heat, colour and noise from a 'gun barrel' situated in the tip of its abdomen.To take aim, the beetle swivels its abdomen from side to side and fires straight at an attacking insect or frog. The attacker is left with a nasty taste in the mouth and even minor burns.The beetle's body manufactures and stores the chemical ingredients needed for the volleys. When a bombardier beetle is under stress, the liquid chemicals are forced out of cavities in its body into a thick-walled, heat-resistant 'explosion chamber' in its abdomen. Here, a rapid chemical reaction takes place that turns the liquids into gases and water. As pressure builds up in the chamber, the bubbling chemicals squirt out in a series of rapid bursts.
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Why is teenage pregnancy on the rise?
2007-09-05 13:42:00
Much of the blame for the alarming increase in teenage pregnancies has been placed on the media and on society's general permissiveness over the past 30 years. Sexually explicit movies and songs extol promiscuity with no reference to its consequences.The inability of teenagers (and some adults) to grasp the seriousness of having children is also to blame. Many teenagers who feel neglected or isolated see having a child as a quick way of getting attention from friends and family. Many teenage girls think that having a baby means having someone to love. They are unprepared for the long-term sacrifices involved in caring for their babies.Teenage rs who are doing poorly in school are especially at risk of getting pregnant and dropping out. Typically, these teenagers are from lower-income families; they have no goals for the future and feel that motherhood is their only option. Thus, having illegitimate children is no longer widely seen as a stigma. For many girls, having a baby has almo...
More About: Society , Pregnancy , Rise , Teenage Pregnancy

The underwater mystery of an African lake
2007-09-04 04:52:00
Strange things happen in Lake Malawi, in central Africa. The waters teem with many species of cichlid fish, whose mysterious courtship rituals baffle zoologists.In some types of cichlid, each male builds a bower or egg-mound in the sand, which he hopes will so impress a female that she will lay her eggs above it. These bowers vary in height from about 1.5 in (40 mm) to 6 in (15 cm) or more, some being splendid 'sandcastles' 10 ft (3 m) across. Yet others may be crater-shaped, flat-topped or just a scrape in the sand.Males of the same species build their bowers close together in one of the areas where courtship displays take place. This enables interested females to inspect all the bowers and select a mate.What makes a female cichlid choose one male above all others, is still a mystery. There is no discernible pattern of behaviour, and what determines a male's success remains unknown.
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Mosquitoes wait years for the rains to come
2007-09-03 04:02:00
Without water mosquitoes cannot reproduce. It stimulates the development of eggs into larvae, and provides the medium in which the larvae swim and feed on algae and organic debris until they are ready to transform into adult. So some mosquitoes lay their eggs in water, and others in places where there will eventually be water.In central Australia, where rain is very infrequent, Aedes mosquitoes (carriers of yellow fever), lay their eggs in pools after a downpour. The pools soon evaporate and the eggs may stay dormant for years until it rains again. Then the mosquito life cycle starts anew as if no time had elapsed.The eggs of other species of mosquito may not need to wait so long, but they are certainly capable of surviving droughts and similar harsh conditions, such as Arctic winters. With all water frozen, an Arctic winter has the same effect as a drought. But the Arctic Culex mosquitoes (carriers of viral encephalitis) are some of the most successful breeders. After nine or ten m...
More About: Animals , Years , Ears , Mosquito , Wait

Is there more than one type of twins?
2007-09-02 03:48:00
Most of us know at least one set of twins. That's hardly surprising, since about 1 in 80 human deliveries produces twins. There are two main kinds: fraternal, or dizygotic (DZ), and identical, or monozygotic (MZ). Fraternal twins occur when two eggs are fertilized by two sperm. They are like ordinary brothers and sisters, except for the fact that they are born together. Although no one knows why, the tendency to have fraternal twins seems to run in families; if they occur in one generation, they have a better-than-average chance of showing up in the next.Unlike fraternals, identical twins occur randomly, at the rate of about four sets for every 1,000 births. They are created when one egg is fertilized by one sperm and then splits in half. The result: two foetuses with the same genetic makeup. How identical are identical twins? Well, if one set married another set, their children would all be brothers and sisters - genetically speaking.
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Understanding Infections
2007-09-01 12:12:00
Until the 19th century most illnesses were attributed to divine displeasure or to low-quality air - malaria was named from the Italian for 'bad air'. But diseases such as leprosy were known to be 'catching' from Old Testament times, when all lepers were declared 'unclean' and forced into isolation.In the 1st century BC the Roman encyclopedist Marcus Terentius Varro speculated that disease might be caused by minute particles entering the body, and in the 6th century AD the Hindu doctor Susruta suggested that malaria might be spread by mosquitoes. But the realisation that people or things could transmit 'plagues' was not accepted until the Middle Ages. From about 1380, after the plague or Black Death had exterminated nearly a quarter of Europe's population, ships carrying infection were refused entry to Venice. At Ragusa on the Adriatic, immigrants and traders had to remain outside the city for 40 days to prove they were not infected. This was known as quarantinza, from the I...
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A truth about Father of Electricity
2007-08-30 06:00:00
Michael Faraday was born in 1791, in London. At the age of 13 he started work as a bookbinder and in 1812 copied out and bound some lectures he had attended and sent them to the lecturer, the chemist Sir Humphry Davy, together with a letter asking for a job. The next year he was taken on a an assistant.Faraday's discoveries, achieved through a combination of brilliant intuition and painstaking research, made possible the modern electricity industry. He neither sought nor accepted honours, and in 1867 died 'plain Mr. Faraday', as he wished.
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