Scholars and RoguesScholars and RoguesA diverse band of thinkers, social analysts, activists, grousers, jesters, and troublemakers. We're different in many ways, but we share a general belief in progress, a conviction that smarter is better, and a passionate distaste for convention. Articles
Obama: Eye to eye with Israel ? or wandering eye?
2008-03-26 14:32:00 For those who believe that the key to lowering the political temperature in the Middle East lies in snuffing out the pilot light on the Israel i-Palestinian conflict, Senator Obama ’s otherwise transcendent race speech offered little of his trademark hope. A view “that sees the conflicts in the Middle East as rooted primarily in the actions of stalwart allies like Israel instead of emanating from the perverse and hateful ideologies of radical Islam,” as he characterized that of Reverend Jeremiah Wright, is “profoundly distorted.” Once again, whatever you may think of them, Israel’s policies toward Palestine were accepted as Bible. In fact, though, there’s a brewing discontent with Obama on the part of Israel hard-liners. The American Spectator’s Robert Goldberg recently unearthed a 2003 interview with Obama’s military adviser and national campaign co-chairman, Tony McPeak, already in the news for comparing Bill Clinton’s camp... More About: Jewish , Barack Obama
The Weekly Carboholic: US coal exports boost electricity prices and China?s
2008-03-26 14:30:00 According to the New York Times, the U.S. has begun exporting coal to countries like Japan, Germany, India , and China . In the process, our domestic coal prices have risen more, percentage rise, than oil prices have risen over the last year. And the reason we’re voluntarily increasing the prices of our electricity and steel? Foreign demand and expected federal curbs on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have made the domestic markets risky, and foreign markets represent a growth opportunity. Put simply - higher profits. ?This export boom right now is the difference between slow growth in our markets and hyper-expansion in our markets,? said Gregory H. Boyce, chairman and chief executive of Peabody Energy, the world?s largest private coal company. ?You have two billion-plus people looking for a better standard of living. The world is energy-short and the U.S. coal sector is beginning to fill that gap.? Profit, properly understood, is a good thing. But profit at the cost of publ... More About: Electricity , Coal , Weekly
NYT on Obama: ?Can a liberal be a unifier?? Progressives: ?YES!?
2008-03-26 02:24:00 I’ve seen a lot of brain-crushingly stupid stuff coming out of the so-called “paper of record” in recent years, but this just takes the aneurysm-inducing cake: To achieve the change the country wants, he says, ?we need a leader who can finally move beyond the divisive politics of Washington and bring Democrats , independents and Republicans together to get things done.? But this promise leads, inevitably, to a question: Can such a majority be built and led by Mr. Obama , whose voting record was, by one ranking, the most liberal in the Senate last year? I love the fact that Robin Toner (or his/her editor) just threw in that “inevitably,” as if it’s just such a commonly accepted piece of wisdom that a liberal politician cannot possibly unify disparate points of view under their banner. It only gets better from there: Mr. Obama?s rise has been built in part on the idea that he represents a break from the established identities that have defined many o... More About: United States , Hillary Clinton , Liberal
Clinton promises mortgage reform?by adopting right-wing talking points and
2008-03-26 01:27:00 Right now the Clinton campaign carnage is focused on whether or not falsely claiming to be shot at on a Bosnian tarmac qualifies you to be ready to answer the red phone at 3 am. But there are other, subtler issues surrounding her that give me serious pause when considering whether or not she can truly be a progressive, or even Democratic president. Her approach to dealing with the mortgage meltdown and resultant economic crisis is generally sound, especially in terms of endorsing the plans put forth by Barney Frank and Chris Dodd, both of whom have been doing some serious heavy lifting on this issue for the past few years. But Clinton runs the risk of sabotaging the plan in a major way by putting none other than Alan “Irrational Exuberance” Greenspan himself in charge of the working group handling the initiative. This proposal has already been viciously savaged by anyone with a lick of common sense as a prime example of setting the fox to guard the henhouse–you s... More About: Reform , Mortgage , Talking , Promises
TunesDay: daylight kissing night
2008-03-25 18:34:00 My old friend Adam Marsland has just released Daylight Kissing Night : Adam Marsland’s Greatest Hits, a greatest hits collection that draws from the best of both his solo and Cockeyed Ghost efforts, and boy howdy, am I jacked. If you don’t already know Adam’s music, let’s go ahead and get the triangulation out of the way. He’s kinda like a modern-day cross between Elton John, Brian Wilson, KISS and Todd Rundgren, with a dash of Elvis Costello, Raspberries, Big Star and Foo Fighters sprinkled in for good measure. And now, for my favorite Adam Marsland moment. A few years back he was playing a solo show at a little place up in the Denver Highlands neighborhood. For his first set he played mostly his own tunes, and when he came back out for the second set he announced that we were going to play Stump the Band. People began shouting out songs, and one after another Adam nailed them. I decided to have a little fun, as I’m wont to do after a couple of fi...
Buchanan, Kristol, Hannity and those ungrateful negroes: a banner month in
2008-03-25 16:50:00 I guess there’s probably nothing Earth-shattering about revelations that FOX News “journalist” Sean Hannity was BFFs with a white supremacist. I mean, even if you don’t expect it, it’s not the sort of information that’s going to turn your whole worldview upside-down, you know? But the latest screed from Pat Buchanan almost buckles the knees. We don’t exactly look to Pat for enlightened thinking on race or, well, on anything. But even by his standards these March 21 comments are barely to be believed. Barack says we need to have a conversation about race in America. Fair enough. But this time, it has to be a two-way conversation. White America needs to be heard from, not just lectured to. This time, the Silent Majority needs to have its convictions, grievances and demands heard. And among them are these: First, America has been the best country on earth for black folks. It was here that 600,000 black people, brought from Africa in slave ships... More About: Barack Obama , Fox News , Richard Nixon , William Kristol , Banner
We can?t take Iraq neat, we need a chaser
2008-03-25 14:07:00 The upcoming presidential election and the economy are pretty poor excuses for our inability to focus on Iraq . Especially since we’ve not only passed the 4,000 mark of American dead, but 25 were killed in a recent two-week span. It’s frightening how comfortable we’ve learned to live with the war since the “surge” supposedly turned things around. The continuing carnage among those who were supposed to enjoy some of the fruits of our liberation isn’t even on our radar screens. Not only aren’t most of us following Iraq in the news, we turn our backs on books and movies that dramatize it. Yet our veterans aren’t just returning with problems, but with a whole lore. You can’t help but conclude that their experiences need to be watered down to be made palatable. Perhaps not — if folded within another narrative. In other words, instead of telling war stories, incorporate them into other genres. In fact it’s a time-honored tra... More About: Culture , Iraq War , Arts , Bush administration
Media 2015: Same as it ever was. But different.
2008-03-24 23:51:00 by greg stene, ph.d. Bigtime news here. And the implications for newspapers and TV are large. For years, a lot of people supposedly in the know have said that when one significant ad spender puts the dollars into the online medium in a committed way, it will force all the other majors, from P&G to whomever to do the same to remain competitive. Basically, it?s the idea that when the first biggie makes the move, everyone realizes they?ve got to dive deeply into the pool, rather than just continue dipping their toes in and testing the water?s temperature (somebody else?s ancient analogy). If they don?t, they?re going to be way behind those who do. We may see a swarm of this kind of commitment soon. GM has announced that it will put fully one-half, $1.5 billion, of its advertising dollars into ?digital and one-to-one marketing in the next three years.? Noting also that there remains a place for some TV and print work, dealers are now very much aware that often the buying process ... More About: Media , General Motors
Neil Aspinall - just one of the ?mad lads??
2008-03-24 19:33:00 I guess I could make my friend Denny the journalist happy and begin this way - with a lede: Neil Aspinall, friend of Paul, then George, then John, then Ringo, then The Beatles ’ road manager and personal assistant, then chief executive for Apple Corps for more than 4 decades has died. He was 66. But since I’m a storyteller, let me begin somewhere else: My first encounter with George was behind the school?s air-raid shelters.This great mass of shaggy hair loomed up and an out-of-breath voice requested a quick drag of my Woodbine. It was one of the first cigarettes either of us had smoked. We spluttered our way through it bravely but gleefully. After that the three of us did lots of ridiculous things together (Aspinall, McCartney and Harrison). By the time we were ready to take the GCE exams we?d added John Lennon to our ‘Mad Lad’ gang. He was doing his first term at Liverpool College of Art which overlooks the Liverpool Institute playground and we all got t...
Wal*Mart goes ?moo?
2008-03-24 17:48:00 I despise Wal*Mart . They’re vehemently anti-union in a company that desperately needs to be unionized (and this from a guy who generally isn’t a fan of unions himself). The quality of nearly all their products is utter crap to match their “you get what you pay for” prices. They’re leaders both in paying people crappy wages and in keeping their employees just below the federal limit on hours worked before they have to start providing health care. They’re arguably one of the reasons that people are so pissed off at free trade and offshoring, even as they keep spending their increasingly hard-earned dollars at Wal*Mart. In my opinion, Wal*Mart has worked hard at earning the scorn that’s heaped on them by JibJab and South Park. But by the gods, when Wal*Mart makes a move into a market, they command respect. They upset the status quo on compact fluorescent lighting (CFL) when they decided to prominently display the CFL bulbs and to push for ... More About: Monsanto
The political value of pushing John McCain on global warming
2008-03-24 16:05:00 by Josh Nelson Both Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton have demonstrated their commitment to taking strong and bold action on climate change. Obama: Cap and Trade: Obama supports implementation of a market-based cap-and-trade system to reduce carbon emissions by the amount scientists say is necessary: 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. Obama’s cap-and-trade system will require all pollution credits to be auctioned. A 100 percent auction ensures that all polluters pay for every ton of emissions they release, rather than giving these emission rights away to coal and oil companies. Some of the revenue generated by auctioning allowances will be used to support the development of clean energy, to invest in energy efficiency improvements, and to address transition costs, including helping American workers affected by this economic transition. Clinton: Setting ambitious targets, the plan would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent from 1990 levels by 2050 to avoid the worst ... More About: Global Warming , Political , Cain , John
Nota bene
2008-03-24 12:43:00 Appearing weekly, Nota Bene attempts to provide an overview of the week’s news. Meanwhile, in its appendix, we cull trenchant comments to articles and posts, as well as those heard in person or emailed. Nota Bene was founded by Mike Sheehan. At War in Context, Paul Woodward writes of our Prankster in Chief: “I imagine Bush learned his happy-go-lucky trick some time in his adolescence. . . . He parades his lack of seriousness as though to say, ‘You know I could really excel if I wanted to, but none of this matters to me so I can’t be bothered.’ . . . This is Bush’s exit strategy from the White House.” Staggering to contemplate. At Britain’s the Independent, the venerable Robert Fisk writes about “The Cult of the Suicide Bomber“: “Suicide bombers in Iraq have killed at least 13,000 men, women and children. . . and wounded a minimum of 16,112 people.” Sounds too big to be a cult — more like a sect, if not a r... More About: Middle East , Bush administration , Eliot Spitzer
No country for the middle class: Scenes from an economic disaster
2008-03-23 22:06:00 I recently had the pleasure of seeing “No Country For Old Men,” the Oscar-winning adaptation of Cormac McCarthy’s novel of a drug deal gone bad and how one man’s decision to take a case of stolen money leads to a meditation on fate, circumstance, and destiny. Of particular note was Javier Bardem’s portrayal of murderous hitman Anton Chigurh not only as the embodiment of pure evil, but as an avatar of capricious, merciless fate, striking down people left and right, with no regard for their circumstances. I was thinking about this when reviewing some recent news about America’s economic downturn–how so much of what people had been indoctrinated and reminded to expect had fallen apart due to forces completely beyond their comprehension. There’s a Chigurh-like specter roaming the country, wrecking lives, destroying futures, and leaving shattered dreams in its wake. Consider: * A controversial video appeared on the BBC documenting the rise ... More About: Disaster , Middle , Economic , Class
Presidential passport breach: Why do contractors have easy access to sensit
2008-03-23 19:25:00 The accessing of private passport-based travel data of all three Presidential candidates by contractors working for the State Department has finally galvanized Capitol Hill to address the issue of privacy–something we’ve been begging them to do for years. Ron Wyden sums it up succinctly: “The Government Accountability Office has been warning about this problem for a decade. And it seems to me in this administration, there’s been pretty much a culture of disregard for privacy, and that’s part of the problem,” he said. Wyden may have been referring to a 2006 report from the GAO documenting the lack of oversight in sharing Social Security Numbers with contractors working for various federal agencies, including the IRS and the FBI, as well as within the private sector. It is but one of many reports the investigative agency has issued documenting the serious vulnerabilities our government’s mad drive to outsource its functions to the private sect... More About: Bush administration , Virginia , Boeing , Veteran
ArtSunday: the fruit that changed the world
2008-03-23 15:21:00 Banana: The Fate of the Fruit that Changed the World by Dan Koeppel Hudson Street Press (December 27, 2007) by Chris Mackowski I fell for Dan Koeppel?s new book like a man slipping on a banana peel. Maybe that?s because of the appeal of the cover: a close-up of a banana with a blue sticker on it so identical to a real banana sticker that I had to do a double-take. I picked it up, peeled open the cover, and read the first line to get a taste of the writing. ?If you are an average American, about forty years old, you?re probably approaching banana ten thousand, just as I am,? Koeppel writes. And with that line, he had me. Banana: The Fate of the Fruit that Changed the World may sound like hyperbole, but it doesn?t take long to realize Koeppel means it. His excellent book, part feature journalism and part labor of love, unpeels the long, twisted history of the most-eaten fruit on earth. This is a fruit that has toppled governments. This is a fruit that individuals have lived and died f... More About: The World
?Unsexiest? woman holds mirror up to judges
2008-03-23 00:58:00 “Am I really the unsexiest woman in the world?” That’s the rhetorical question actress Sarah Jessica Parker posed to Grazia (which actually bills itself as Britain’s “first glossy magazine”). She was responding to the title of “Unsexiest Woman Alive” bestowed upon her by a poll of the readers of another magazine, Maxim . In questioning their choice, Ms. Parker fails to notice that she’s acquiescing to the notion that there really is an unsexiest woman in the world. But she deserves credit for bravely admitting that it caused her significant pain, enhanced, in turn, by her husband’s anger. “Do I fit some ideals and standards of some men writing in a men’s magazine?” she asked. “Maybe not.” (Plaudits also for taking the trouble to Q & A herself, thus lightening the interviewer’s work load.) Again, Ms. Parker is on the right track, but only halfway there. She herself illustrated the point... More About: Sex and the City , Judges
New rules: McCain is a walking Tom Clancy action figure who?s going to get
2008-03-22 22:43:00 Cold. But true. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5taiDbxJW s More About: Iran , Action , Osama Bin Laden , Bill Maher , Walking
Saturday Video Roundup: looking at the YouTube Video Awards
2008-03-22 15:46:00 The 2007 YouTube Video Award winners have been announced (see all the nominees here), and they certainly provide fodder for debate. Not that I think the criteria were necessarily about critical standards, of course, but still. For instance, have a look at the human tetris performance, which won the Creative category, and explain to me how it beats this. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUDIoN-_Hx s In the Short Film category, “My Name is Lisa” affords an entrancing look at Alzheimer’s and is certainly a worthy winner. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiRHyzjb5S I But wow - as deserving as “My Name is Lisa” is, you hate to see something as thoughtful as “Doll Face” go home emptyhanded. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zl6hNj1uOk Y Perhaps the video that’s generated the most comment is Tay Zonday’s “Chocolate Rain,” the winner in the Music category. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwTZ2xpQwp A Zonday has now done a new on... More About: Youtube , Awards , Roundup , Saturday
Expelled!
2008-03-21 23:35:00 There’s not much that needs adding to this. And yeah, I’m going to be laughing over it for awhile. Thanks to Debby Levinson for calling this to our attention. More About: Expelled
Privacy vs. technology, freedom vs. convenience: it?s only going to get wor
2008-03-21 19:00:00 Item: Citizens are concerned about online privacy and security. According to a new report from USC’s Center for the Digital Future, “Sixty-one percent of adult Americans said they were very or extremely concerned about the privacy of personal information when buying online, an increase from 47 percent in 2006. Before last year, that figure had largely been dropping since 2001.” These fears are well-founded. The study, to be released Thursday, comes as privacy and security groups report that an increasing number of personal records are being compromised because of data breaches at online retailers, banks, government agencies and corporations. The Identity Theft Resource Center, for instance, listed more than 125 million records reported compromised in the United States last year. That’s a sixfold increase from the nearly 20 million records reported in 2006. About “two-thirds of adult Internet users shop online,” so their privacy fears aren’t ... More About: Freedom , Congress , Technology , Privacy
Blackwater fades into the men in the Greystone suits?
2008-03-21 17:50:00 After the debacle of last September’s murder of Iraqi civilians, many Americans held out hope that Blackwater , former Navy Seal and right wing evangelical Erik Prince’s guns-for-hire to the Busheviks operation located in the Great Dismal Swamp of eastern North Carolina had been exposed and might be forced into decline and eventual disenfranchisement. A new article in Mother Jones warns us not to be sanguine - or naive about such a happy possibility occurring. Like Phillip Morris, Blackwater has simply devised another name and plans to continue business - and, like Altria (not to be confused with nutria, although such plagues abound all around us, it seems), that business will be same as it ever was. Blackwater has now set up a new front er, subsidiary, headquartered in the Barbados (that haven for businesses seeking to evade taxes because, after all, we wouldn’t want Blackwater to pay taxes on the money it gets from American taxpayers through sole source contracts... More About: Suits
I-35W bridge and the nation?s infrastructure: Little has changed
2008-03-20 22:57:00 If someone dumped 99 tons of sand on you, and you weren’t in good shape, you’d collapse, too. The Nation al Transportation Safety Board has released its fifth update of its investigation of the collapse of the I-35W bridge in Minneapolis, Minn., that killed 13 people and injured 145. The NTSB says it has not yet identified a specific cause for the collapse, only contributing factors. NTSB chair Mark V. Rosenker (speaking as cautiously as federal officials everywhere), said only “significant progress continues to be made in the investigation.” The board expects to issue a final report by year’s end. What is known: ? In January Mr. Rosenker announced the discovery of “critical” design flaws, noting that 16 undersized gusset plates were found at eight of 112 joints on the main truss of the bridge. ? The board’s reconstruction of the collapse shows the location and weight of every car, truck and piece of construction equipment that was on... More About: Infrastructure , Bush administration , Bridge , The Nation
Quotabull
2008-03-20 22:21:00 It?s fair to ask whether a college kid should have to wash dishes in the dining hall to pay his tuition when his college has a billion dollars in the bank. ? Sen. Charles Grassley, R-Iowa, “the ranking Republican on the Senate committee that oversees tax policy, [who] has written to the nation?s 135 leading universities, asking them to explain what they do with their tax-free endowments“; according to The New York Times, “Last year a record 76 American colleges passed the $1 billion mark in total endowments”; March 18. I liken N.C.L.B. to a mile race. Under N.C.L.B., students are tested rigorously every tenth of a mile. But nobody keeps track as to whether they cross the finish line. ? Bob Wise, a former West Virginia governor who is president of the Alliance for Excellent Education, a group that seeks to improve schools; according to The New York Times, “… many states use an inflated graduation rate for federal reporting requirements under the No... More About: Iraq , Bush administration
VerseDay: Slow, slow fresh fount - how to control your words and your emoti
2008-03-20 19:32:00 A couple of weeks ago I spoke with you about poetry of ideas. Today’s entry will look at poetry that controls emotion. The poet pictured above is Ben Jonson - “O rare Ben Jonson” an admirer said of him. Jonson is like most great poets - a person of contradictions. Known as perhaps the greatest poet of controlled language (and subsequently of emotion) in the English language, he could be irascible to the point of misanthropy - and once killed a fellow actor in a duel - and almost went to the gallows for it (he did bear the brand of felon on his thumb the rest of his days). He was understated and subtle in his verse - yet his chief vehicle in his plays was satire. He feuded with the literary establishment often and yet became the first English Poet Laureate. Like most of us, Jonson was complicated. At the time of Jonson’s greatest work he led a school of poetry known to us now as the Neo-Classicists, though some are better known as the Cavalier poets for the... More About: Words , Control , Fresh , Slow
How US News is hurting our high school students
2008-03-20 18:28:00 Three-year-olds can be very trying, and not least because, once they find something that works for them, say, some action that made adults laugh, they’ll do it over and over and over and over expecting belly-bustin’ guffaws each time. You’d think the venerable US News (formerly US News & World Report) would be too old for that sort of behavior, but it’s not. If the editors there can come up with some new ranking issue to “leverage the brand” they’ve built with their popular undergraduate college rankings, they’ll do it, and if they give a tinker’s dam if there is insufficient data to rank, or if their methodology is specious, they haven’t demonstrated it so far. Selling magazines is all, and the hell with those who get hurt. Even children. US News’ most recent foray into the ranking business, their new raison d’etre, is the November 29, 2007 issue that is their first-ever ranking of US high schools. Their... More About: Students , School , High School , High
3rd annual Bring Your Daughter to War Day called a success
2008-03-20 15:09:00 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CqpEacxdS 0 More About: Success , The Onion , Daughter , Annual
The Weekly Carboholic
2008-03-20 06:01:00 According to this story from National Public Radio, data from autonomous ocean probes have detected no aggregate ocean warming since the probes came online in 2003. The Argo system comprises 3,000 probes in all of the world’s oceans that dive as deep as 1-2000 meters every ten days and then ascend, taking continuous temperature and salinity measurements in the process. There is no sign of overall oceanic heating in the data since 2003, leading researchers from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the National Center for Atmospheric Research to wonder where all the energy supposedly being dumped into the ocean via global heating is actually going. The fact that NCAR scientist Kevin Trenberth says that most of that energy is most likely being re-emitted back into space would normally be a point in favor of the global heating skeptics. Unfortunately, it’s not that simple - not only is Mr. Trenberth’s suggestion an educated guess, without proof, there’s actually ... More About: Weekly
John McCain = Herbert Hoover?
2008-03-19 19:53:00 First there’s this quote from Bloomberg about why Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are having their surplus capital requirements eased: The worst housing slump since the Great Depression is being exacerbated by the limited ability of Americans to get mortgages or refinance loans amid tightened standards at money-losing banks. Then this uplifting tidbit from Reuters: Democrat Barack Obama’s big national lead over Hillary Clinton has all but evaporated in the U.S. presidential race, and both Democrats trail Republican John McCain, according a Reuters/Zogby poll released on Wednesday. Given that McCain sees himself as another war president, and blithely dismisses the economic problems of our country as beneath his interest, what can we expect? I suspect that if the unthinkable happens and Johnny War Hero wins in November, we’re about to see a guy earn himself an unenviable place in American history - McCain may well find himself the next Herbert Hoover . More About: John McCain
Mission accomplished, part deux (and part trois?)
2008-03-19 17:23:00 What is it with George Bush and his halfwitted predilection for declaring victory before the fight is over? Bush speech hails Iraq ‘victory’President George W Bush has delivered a speech to mark the fifth anniversary of the US-led invasion of Iraq. Speaking at the Pentagon, Mr Bush said “removing Saddam Hussein from power was the right decision”. And he went on to say that the recent “surge” of US troops to Iraq has brought about “a major strategic victory in the broader war on terror”. Mr. President, if they’re still shooting at you, you should be careful about declaring victory. If your soldiers, as they walk down the road, have to confront the possibility that each step might be their last because the locals have planted a bumper crop of IEDs, the fat lady hasn’t yet sung. If your policies are serving as the enemy’s greatest ongoing recruiting tool, the war is far from over. And most importantly, winning a battle -... More About: Iran , Barack Obama , Cain
Wherein blogger ponders changing legal name to ?Likes Marzipan?
More articles from this author:2008-03-19 17:22:00 I ran into the story of The Political Candidate Formerly Known As Marvin ‘Pro-Life’ Richardson this morning. Long story short, an Idaho strawberry farmer has pared his legal name all the way down to ‘Pro-Life,’ that being the only way for him to appear specifically as Pro-Life on the upcoming ballot to succeed Senator Larry Craig (and every subsequent Idaho ballot until he meets Janis Joplin). Considering he advocates murder charges for those who seek and perform abortions, he could have gone the Prince route and changed his name to an ultrasound picture. (Or one of those other ones… you know… *full-body shiver* from the protests. How would the DMV handle that?) More About: Blogger , Legal , Changing , Marzipan 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 |
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