AfghanistanicaAfghanistanicaAn exploration of Afghanistan-related issues. 
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Totally out of context quote #13
2007-07-26 21:41:00 July 26, 2007. “During my last trip to Afghanistan I’d met a guy in the hospital’s psychiatric ward who was concerned that he had no shadow. He proved to me, by means of excellent logic, that a man without a shadow cannot - and must not - live. He tried to commit suicide several times. I was reminded of this incident in Moscow when Zhenya Raevsky, an afghantsi [Afghan War veteran] and student at Moscow State University, shared with me his idea for a screenplay; his main characters were going to be Afghanistan veterans who’d returned home from the war. What makes them different from all other people, Raevsky told me, was that they had no shadows. Some hideous meaning was buried there, inaccessible to the sober mind.” Context : Russian journalist Artyom Borovik ponders the meaning of shadows in The Hidden War, his book on the Soviet-Afghan War. Pic (by a friend): A monument in Kygyzstan for Soviet veterans of the Afghan War, casting a shadow. ... More About: Quote , Ally
A Quick And Brutal Retaliation For My Soviet Counter-Insurgency Post
2007-07-25 23:33:00 July 25, 2007. The Afghan-American blogger Ronin over at Looking at the World Through Slanted Eyes, who is apparently an admiral in the Afghan Navy’s Pacific Fleet, took exception to my post on the insurgency tactics of a certain Soviet Captain Zakharov. In response he swiped the picture from my profile and added a few elements: Ochen khorosho! Ronin didn’t even have time to let me put up my planned post on the worst Soviet officer in Afghanistan. But to show that I am no lover of Bolsheviks, I submit to you a picture of myself in my full Hizb-i Islami glory: And yes, we Hizbis do like hanging out with Dallas Cowboy cheerleaders when we are not rocketing Kabul or slitting the throats of Soviet conscripts. If you wish to see this horrible defamation of my unimpeachable character in the original context, go read the post at Looking at the World Through Slanted Eyes. I should’ve just sent you over to his post without repost... More About: Post , Quick , Counter , Insurgency
Captain Zakharov: A COIN All-Star in Afghanistan
2007-07-25 02:06:00 July 24, 2007. While the Soviet-Afghan War more often than not provides the NATO/US forces with lessons on what not to do, occasionally it provides an excellent example of counter-insurgency skill. Pic: Soviet troops in northern Afghanistan in 1988. I came across a few pages in the late Russian journalist Artyom Borovik’s book The Hidden War about a young Soviet officer who gained a reputation as a COIN specialist: His name is known in every kishlak [village] in the province of Kunduz. Zakharov is a legend. […] Zakharov, who turned twenty-eight on May 27, came to Afghanistan a year ago. He spent the first four months exploring the territory and learning the customs and traditions of the local peasants. It’s impossible to fight the dukhi [literally: ghosts] successfully without such knowledge. [page 29-30] Captain Zakharov’s relations with the locals was surprisingly good.... More About: All Star , Star , Khar , Ghan
Growing Old in the Hindu Kush
2007-07-21 19:43:00 July 21, 2007. From portrait field-photographer Jan Schlegel: Agolia, age 6. Masrana, age 13. Zarmeda, age 83. These women are Kalash from the Pakistani side of the area known as Nuristan/Kafiristan (in a region of Chitral). One argument shows them as being unrelated to the Kalasha across the border in Afghanistan. They are apparently Dards, not Nuristanis as previously thought. Many have converted to Islam. But not the ones pictured above. I would really like a print of Zarmeda. However, the photographer personally spends several hours on a single print, each of which is unique in subtle ways. The price... More About: Growing , Hindu , Rowing , Grow
Threats to Afghans Studying Abroad
2007-07-19 21:19:00 July 9, 2007. Very few Afghans returning to Afghanistan are provided with bodyguards and an armoured American SUV. For almost all Afghans there is no such comparable security blanket. Obviously there are many dimensions to the security problem. I will only discuss one aspect of this: online anonymity. You will notice that Afghan bloggers are almost all anonymous, especially if they live in Afghanistan or travel there at all. If you are a regular reader of Afghan blogs then you likely noticed that an excellent blog by an non-anonymous Afghan-American disappeared before he headed to Afghanistan. And you may remember the threats that Nasim Fekrat was receiving a couple of years ago (allegedly from a local BBC employee). But bloggers are generally savvy about this. It’s not an big problem in my opinion. However, if you are an Afghan studying in the West or an Afghan expatriate there are additional precautions you should take. If you can find yourself on google then so can &ldqu... More About: Studying , Threats , Ghan , Hans , Threat
Aya ta pa pakhto khabarey kawalai shey?
2007-07-18 22:11:00 July 18, 2007. ايا ته په پښتو خبرې کولى شې؟ No? Well neither can I. But if you are learning Pashto, or want to find info on how, you could start at this Pashto Language Blog. It has lessons and info posted blog-style. It also includes many useful links. Don’t be intimidated by the alphabet. It is actually very easy and much more consistent than what the English-speaking world uses. You could also check out the quicky language media available on Amazon.com. And not related to the above blog, I received some new language learning materials the other day and found this page below included in it. Somebody should really psychoanalyze the naughty monkeys in the illustration. I believe that the peeled bananas signify the [fill in this space with Freudian pop-psycho babble, etc…]. Or maybe the illustrator was just trying to make it interesting for kids and didn’t realize that dirty old grad students would be usin... More About: Wala
Afghans Versus Diet Coke
2007-07-14 20:33:00 July 14, 2007. My brain hurts from the sheer amount of language being shoved into my short-term memory. Hopefully it will migrate into my long-term memory. Inshallah. Since I really have nothing to post due to my general business (which will persist until the end of August), I will share a second-hand anecdote. It is a conversation between an Afghan in America and a local. Afghan: This Coke you are drinking is different? American: Yes. It is a Diet Coke. Afghan: Ummm….. American: It has no sugar in it. Afghan: It has honey in it maybe? American: No. There is no sweetener. Afghan: Ummm… American: In koka-kola shirin nest. Afghan: OK, OK. So you put in your own sugar? American: No. You drink it the way it is. Afghan: It is much less expansive? American: Expansive? Afghan: Yes, less expansive. American: You mean arzontar? Afghan: Yes. American: You mean less expensive. Afghan: Yes. Less expansive. Cheaper. American: No. It is the same price. It has no sweetness. It is i... More About: Diet Coke , Versus , Ghan
Two New Academically Inclined Afghanistan Blogs
2007-07-09 19:16:00 July 9, 2007. The quality and frequency of blogging here at Afghanistan ica will continue to suffer through August as I am being kept quite busy by my Farsi-Dari-Tajiki language learnification process. But help is on the way……elsewhere. Two new blogs related to Afghanistan have popped up recently. The first is a group blog that includes Barnett Rubin (who reveals in his first post that he is technically not a professor, which is good because with all his work I’m sure the burden of undergrads would kill him). Anyways, the blog is Informed Comment on Global Affairs. Go check it out. But be warned that it includes topics other than Afghanistan. Here is Dr. Rubin’s first post. The second blog is by a “historian in training” who seems to have a thing for Afghanistan. I also have a thing for Afghanistan so I understand. The blog is titled In Transit to Afghanistan. That is all. More About: Blogs , Logs , Ghan , Cade
An American Democrat President and Afghanistan
2007-07-08 21:01:00 July 8, 2007. Although the Republican and Democrat candidates’ debates have been dominated by Iraq, there was some mention of Afghanistan in the Democrats’ debate. Basically, the serious Democrat candidates have been framing Afghanistan as the “good war” and Iraq as the place America should leave ASAP. Now, assuming all the candidates on each side will keep their campaign promises [pause for laughter], this means that a Republican president will keep the troops in Iraq and a Democrat will shift the focus to Afghanistan. Pic: Afghanistan’s New Friends? However, the elections are a long way away and things could change drastically. Perhaps by late 2008 the Republicans will also be advertising a pull-out from Iraq. But looking at just a Democrat president, what could he or she do for Afghanistan in the way of troop level increases? I see one great potential limitation to a troop level boost in Afghanistan. And that is the need to keep troops in the Persi... More About: President , American , Ghan
American Independence Day: Afghan Edition
2007-07-04 21:50:00 July 4, 2007. After some linguistic confusion I took an Afghan friend to see the July 4th Independence Day fireworks last night. Earlier this week he had expressed his desire to “go to the olympics for some explosions.” He had meant “go to the picnic and fireworks.” The whole thing was much funnier than when I said had 4 fathers-in-law. I had meant to say I had 4 paternal uncles. Ha ha. That’s all very funny but it is not the subject of this blog post. While we were sitting amongst the crowd waiting for the fireworks to start my friend told me a story that was a refreshing departure from the shallow and/or repetitive conversations that my grad student friends and I usually inflict upon each other. I’ve cleaned up the halting English and removed the parts where we searched for the right English words. So here it is: “All throughout my childhood I could remember a dream that I had as a child. In my dream my parents wake me up in the mi... More About: American , Independence Day , Edition , Ghan
Afghan Celebrity Lookalikes
2007-07-02 22:27:00 July 2, 2007. From Afghanland.com comes this amusing comparison chart. Nader Shah really does look like a bottle of Coca-Cola. If Karzai ever gets assassinated his life-story would make for a decent movie in a Shakespearian tragedy sort of way. I’ll agree with the above lookalikes and say that Kingsley would be perfect for the role. And Khalilzad really was the “political Godfather” of Afghanistan for a time. More About: Celebrity , Like , Look , Ghan , Kali
Massoud, Khalili, and Massoud Khalili: Three Different Guys
2007-07-02 22:04:00 July 2, 2007. Let’s just say that in 2001 my knowledge of the chicanery occuring inside Afghanistan was rather rudimentary. When the Arab suicide bombers blew themselves up in Mass oud’s compound on September 9th, I knew exactly who Ahmed Shah Massoud was. However, I read that Massoud Khalili was injured very badly in the blast. That confused me a little. I wondered why the Hazara leader was hanging out with Massoud in the Panjshir Valley. Obviously, I had mistaken Ahmed Shah Massoud’s friend and adviser Massoud Khalili for the Hazara leader Karim Khalili. Whoops. I figured it out when his men captured Bamiyan in November 2001. So let’s get this squared away: This is Ahmed Shah Massoud. This is Massoud Khalili. This is Karim Khalili. ... More About: Guys , Rent , Three , Lili
Video of Suicide Bomber Attack on Dostum (2005)
2007-07-01 20:12:00 July 1, 2007. This is a video of the suicide bomber assassination attempt on Rashid Dostum in 2005. I never knew that there was such a high-quality video of the attack. Be warned: it is (relatively) graphic towards the end. That’s why when you go to public Friday prayers at large mosques you go unannounced like Karzai did recently. More About: Video , Suicide , Suicide Bomber , Bomber , Cide
“Going Native” In Afghanistan
2007-06-30 23:11:00 June 30, 2007. Americans and Europeans who venture into Afghanistan as civilians usually have several barriers between themselves and the locals. These include body guards, security problems, lack of language skills, translators between the Westerner and the locals, segregated housing, lack of understanding regarding local culture, etc… And yes, I know not everybody hides behind their security guard in Shahr-i Naw. I’m sure some NGO folks feel quite proud that they went to some local’s house and had chai. It’s really cool; you take a bunch of pictures on your digital camera as proof of how you are “getting down” with the locals. But is anybody from the West “going native” in Afghanistan? But first a definition of “going native:” “The term ‘going native’ is employed to refer to the trepidation felt by the European colonizers in Africa that they may become desecrated by being assimilated into the culture a... More About: Ghan , Going , Native , Goin
Totally out of context quote #12
2007-06-29 19:25:00 June 29, 2007. “Who the bloody hell told you that?” Context : The well-known journalist and author of Taliban, Ahmed Rashid, lets Barnett Rubin know that rumours of his death in Spain while celebrating his birthday have been greatly fabricated. He confirmed that he is alive and well and visiting Norway, a rather safe place. The rumour starters at The Far Eastern Economic Review defended themselves by stating that there are number of high profile “Ahmed Rashids:” 1) a best-selling author named Ahmed Rashid, 2) a former writer for The Far Eastern Economic Review, 3) a commmentator for the BBC, and 4) a blogger for the Washington Post. And perchance one of them died? I checked out each one individually. They all sort of look and sound the same, in addition to having identical bios. But I understand if, as a journalist, you have a “scoop” and don’t have time to attempt a confirmation. If you want accurate information I suggest signing up... More About: Quote , Ally
Pashtuns Must Have Their Revenge! Sometimes!
2007-06-27 21:24:00 June 27, 2007. With wonderful Rudyard Kiplingesque hyperbole the journalists and commentators of the West write about the Pashtun code of honour, or Pashtunwali, that requires family members to seek revenge for relatives that are killed. The concept of Badal, or revenge, means that every Pashtun who has lost a family member is on the warpath, bent on revenge. [Insert obligatory image of scary, hairy Pashtun man.] So then how does Afghanistan function at all? What Pashtun hasn’t violently lost a relative? Is it possible that not every Pashtun male is lurking in the darkness, sharpening his knife or loading his AK-47 with fresh ammo? Do Pashtuns actually go on with their life without taking revenge? Has the media been exaggerating alleged aspects of Pashtun culture? Do I ask too many rhetorical questions? I would venture a guess that if it was possible to do a quantitative analysis of revenge in Afg... More About: Revenge , Must , Some
Who Will Be Afghanistan’s Next President?
2007-06-24 23:17:00 June 24, 2007. Speculating about future President ial candidates in the USA seems to be somewhat of a national sport in which political commentators embarass themselves by making horribly incorrect predictions as much as four years in advance. So, instead of sharing with you a prediction that will surely turn out to be horribly incorrect, I will offer my opinion on what makes for an electable candidate in Afghanistan . With a limit of two five-year terms Karzai can be re-elected and serve until 2014. And even with his popularity slipping, the last comprehensive polls late last year showed his approval rating at levels that Euro or American leaders would be quite satified with. The World Public Opinion poll gave Karzai a 55% “very favourable” rating while the BBC/ABC poll showed Karzai at 68% of Afghans giving Karzai a “good” or “excellent” rating. So Karzai is still electable in the next election, especially consi... More About: Ghan , Resident
American Intelligence Community Horror Story #4786
2007-06-22 20:08:00 June 22, 2007. Not enough experts, hmm? Nobody can speak the languages? The government needs people with area knowledge? Well, of course they do. And there is of course a shortage of available people with the required skill set. So why are so many experts being turned down for employment? You can find this debate discussed ad nauseum elsewhere. Instead I will share a little story about an acquaintance who was turned away by the bureaucracy of the United States government. The person in question is at the same intensive language program I am in and agreed to have their Q&A session put on Afghanistanica after being allowed to edit the text. So here it is: Q: What’s up? Why are you not in Afghanistan? A: I failed the security clearance process. The “SF” in SF-86 [the security clearance form] stood for “Seriously F***ed” in my case. Q: OK. Back up a little. Describe your “skill set.” A: I have a Master’s degree in an area studies pro... More About: Horror , Story , Community , Intelligence , American
Afghan-American Blogger Starts Mini-Controversy
2007-06-21 03:08:00 June 20, 2007. People actually care what bloggers write about Afghanistan? Apparently yes. Mohammed Fahim Khairy, a Hazara living in Arizona, wrote about recent Kuchi attacks on Hazara villages in the Hazarajat. Many parts of this opinion piece, despite its inflammatory title, are actually quite accurate. Though it is problematic in parts (i.e., calling Kuchis the “richest people in Afghanistan”). The Pashtun nomads known as Kuchis have been in conflict with the sedenatary Hazara population on and off for quite some time. It is a classic nomad-sedentary conflict with Pashtun herders wanting to bring their animals up into the Hazarajat to graze on land that the Hazaras need for their own animals and crops. Whenever the Kuchis find the opportunity (i.e., Taliban era, Abdur Rahman era, etc…) they do their best to displace Hazaras. And when Hazaras find the opportunity, they chase out the Kuchis. It is basically two groups of impoverished people fighting over gr... More About: Blogger , American , Mini , Controversy , Logger
Pashto Language Education in the United States
2007-06-18 19:56:00 June 18, 2007. My spy has reported to me that there are 9 people in the introductory level Pashto language class at Indiana University’s summer language program. And by “spy,” I mean one of the students who was coming out of the Pashto class at the end of the day. This is a great improvement over last year when there were 2 students, and two years ago when the Pashto class was cancelled because only one serious candidate applied for Pashto. The situation the last two years was especially sad due to the fact that there were unused scholarships for Pashto. So you can’t totally blame the government when there is no interest in even getting paid to study Pashto. It’s as if there needs to be further incentives to get more than nine people to study Pashto. So basically, you have Pashto at the government’s Defense Language Institute, Indiana University (year round) and occasionally at the University of Pennsylvania. I’ve heard much anecdotal ... More About: United States , Education , United , States
Two Week Writing Break
2007-06-03 19:13:00 June 3, 2007. Afghanistanica will be inactive for about two weeks I while travel to the location of my intensive language program. I received academic welfare funding to study a certain Southwestern Iranian language for eight weeks (No, I’m not studying Khuzestani, Luri or Judeo-Tat). Once I get adjusted to the program and find some sort of internet access I will start writing again, albeit at a less frequent rate since I will be spending a lot of time studying, inshallah. More About: Writing , Break , Week , Brea
Tourism in Nuristan: Book Your Trip Now!
2007-06-02 05:45:00 June 2, 2007. Recently Bonnie Boyd took a look at tourism in Turkmenistan. So I thought, why not Nuristan? What is the potential for tourism there? The governor of Nuristan, whose name of course is Nuristani, had this to say to some French journalist on that subject: It’s paradise. You can go hiking, fishing, rafting, birdwatching … in winter you can ski… Birdwatching hmm? Yes, I do so want to check off Apache, A-10 Warthog, Chinook and Predator Drone from my birder check-list. But other than watching the large mechanized birds full of Americans and the above mentioned activities, what is there for a tourist to do in Nuristan? I investigated and I found that tourists are practically crawling all over Nuristan. Here’s photographic proof, courtesy of Ranger 9865, who I assume is some sort of tour operator: Horse-back riding! Sledding in the snow! Musical Entertainment! Fine dining! World-class golf courses! (OK, I cheated. This is just downriver in Kunar, which h... More About: Tourism , Book , Trip
The Slow Death of Hizb-i Islami and the Lameness of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
2007-06-02 01:58:00 June 1, 2007. I was working half-heartedly on an assessment of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and the various remnants of Hizb-i Islami. But then I came across this fine article by Matt Dupee at Afgha.com. Matt’s assessment is very close to where I was heading. My argument was going to be that Hekmatyar is overrated and mostly “out of the game.” But Matt’s article is good enough for me. And yes, I did recently make fun of Hekmatyar and then wonder why all his old buddies are dropping dead. I think I have reached my Hekmatyar quota for the year. More About: Death , Slow , Slam , Lame , Amen
Islamist Networks: The Afghan-Pakistan Connection
2007-05-30 22:52:00 May 30, 2007. Have you ever been involved in a conversation or debate about the role of Pakistan in Afghanistan and not been able to add anything beyond agreeing that Pakistan is a continuing source for extremism? Do you wish you could throw around terms like Lashkar-i-Taiba and Lashkar-i-Jangvi? Have you ever wanted to tell someone the difference between Jami’at-i-Ulema-i-Islam and Jami’at-i-Ulema-i-Pakistan? Probably not. But if you have any desire to do the above mentioned things then a book titled Islamist Networks : The A fghan-Pakistan Connect ion is for you. Written by Mariam Abou Zahab and Olivier Roy (Columbia University Press, 2004), the book comes in at 82 pages long in its English translation so it is straight and to the point. And although the book covers events only up until mid-2003, it is a great starting point for understanding the Islamist/Jihadi networks in Pakistan and their role in Afghanistan. There are other great books that go into more detail on Pakistan, ...
What’s Behind the Shooting of Demonstrators in Northern Afghanistan?
2007-05-29 08:36:00 May 29, 2007. This is so simple yet so convoluted. It is so Afghanistan . Let’s get started… Demon strators angrily protest in the northern province of Jowzjan (Jauzjan) and at least a dozen are shot dead. Apparently, the demonstrators are loyal to Rashid Dostum, the Uzbek tough guy up north. And the object of their protest? A Karzai-appointed governor of course. According to the NY Times, the incident that sparked the demonstration was the arrest of six men for allegedly attempting to assassinate a legislator who had recently split with Dostum. Now the ANA, backed by NATO troops, has moved in to restore order. First of all, I should note that this incident is important since Uzbeks, who are about 10% of Afghanistan’s population at the most, have been very cooperative in relation to some other groups in Afghanistan. This is the first time I have noticed the Afghan government antagonizing the Uzbeks, albeit somewhat unintentionally. Before this the antagonizing has always been ... More About: Shooting , Trat , Stra
Malalai Joya Can Has Cheezburger?
2007-05-28 20:43:00 May 28, 2007. The Afghan-American (I think) blogger known as “Slanted Eyes” has crossed all boundaries of decency with this post on Mala lai Joya. Now excuse me while I try to control my laughter. PS: Confused or angry? All your questions will be answered if you check out the amazing hit phenomenon cat-caption blog I Can Has Cheezburger? More About: Lala , Urge
Slightly Biased Afghan Sports Report #1
2007-05-28 06:57:00 May 28, 2007. It appears that I have neglected to mention the goings-on in the world of Afghan sports. So without any more delay I’ll start the report with cricket before moving on to running, football and bowling. First to the cricket stadium in Kabul for the Peace Cricket Tournament. In an exciting and dramatic victory the heroic cricketers from Kunar crushed the side from Paktia, despite, I’m sure, the presence of numerous Pakistani mercenary cricketeers on the Paktia side. But Paktia’s foreigners were clearly no equal to Kunar’s magnificent Sardar, who scored 54 runs. The next day, in a match marred by biased refereeing and treacherous tactics, the cheating cheaters from Khost won a hollow victory against the fine lads from Kunar. Not that I really care anymore, but Khost did get their comeuppance in the tournament’s final when they deservedly lost to Logar. It is nice to note that no coaches were murdered, unlike what is seen in international cricket. On an unfortunat... More About: Sports , Report , Repo , Spor , Ghan
New al-Qaeda Commander for Afghanistan, Plus A Comparative Beard Analysis
2007-05-26 00:58:00 May 26, 2007. So al Qaeda has a new head of operations in Afghanistan . Or rather for Afghanistan since he will likely not set foot west of the Durand line. According to the CIA and the Pentagon (and according to himself), he’s the replacement for the last guy, Abd al-Hadi al-Iraqi, who was nabbed by the Turks and sent to Guantanamo while on his way back to Iraq to join the struggle in his home country. So let’s look at this handsome fellow before doing any analysis. Great. That’s out of the way. First the story: In his first video address via al Jazeera the veteran Egyptian Jihadi says nothing of any value. That is unless you get a kick out of listening to yet another AQ Jihadi drone on about the impending doom that waits the crusaders and their apostate puppets at the hands of the multitudes of suicide bombers that are about to be sent into Afghanistan for their “martyrdom missions.” This all probably means very little unless Mustafa Abu Yazid has something new to offer... More About: Analysis , Al Qaeda , Plus , Commander
The Current Status of Afghan Hospitality
2007-05-25 04:02:00 May 25, 2007. The old stereotype: I read the story accompanying this photo. It was a typical description of the hospitality you expected in pre-1980s Afghanistan. Then I read an old blog entry by an NGO worker venting about the treatment she received in Afghanistan. Here is a quick quote: …most of the time I was there I worked hard to block it out. When there, I constantly echoed the Afghans’ own mantra: Afghanistan is an extremely hospitable country, Afghanistan is an extremely hospitable country… I repeated this although I was invited to about 10 times fewer homes in my two years there than my time in Russia and Tajikistan. Afghans insisting that they are hospitable does not make it so. True. I never bought into the whole “most hospitable country in the world” claim as it seems that people are hospitable to their guests everywhere in the world. Even when compared to the rest of the region; do Iranians and Pakistanis treat their guests like second-class citizens? I don... More About: Current , Hospitality , Status , Rent , Stat
Muslim Americans and the War in Afghanistan
More articles from this author:2007-05-24 05:01:00 May 24, 2007. On Monday the Pew Research Center released a survey and report titled “Muslim Americans : Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream” (Download pdf). It’s full of signs that Muslims in America are more integrated and moderate than Muslims elsewhere and other confirmations of the obvious. Now that you have read the entire report, including the methodology section, I will pull out a couple of Afghanistan related survey results: In my opinion, the higher level of dissent on the war in Afghanistan is a symptom of several factors: 1) Almost 90% of Muslims in America are Democrats. The dissent partially comes with being against Bush for reasons of political affiliation, not necessarily religious affiliation. 2) Afghan-Americans are not even in the top 8 foreign origins for Muslim Americans. I’m assuming there is higher support for continued engagement in Afghanistan in the Afghan-American community. 3) Frustration with the slow progress in Afghanistan. And now for the parts... More About: Slim , Ghan 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 |
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