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BOOK REVIEW OF SCHAUM's ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
2007-07-24 13:06:00
Book Title : SCHAUM's OUTLINE OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGYPublisher : McGRAW HILLDescriptionThis step-by-step guide makes learning Anatomy & Physiology easier! Everything you need to know is simplified, condensed, and outlined so you don't waste time with unimportant information. This guide gives you spelled-out objectives, a clear question-and-answer format, and easy-to-understand illustrations, diagrams, and charts. With this handy Schaum's Guide, you can save precious study time and get the most advantage from the time you do have for schoolwork. And this Schaum's Outline is full of hundreds of practice problems and exercies. You can test yourself as you go along, without any penalty for making mistakes. Fully updated, this new edition is so complete that you can even use it as a self-study course!Contents1.) Introduction to the Human Body2.) Cellular Chemistry3.) Cell Structure & Function4.) Tissues5.) Integumentary System6.) Skeletal System7.) Muscle Tissue & Mode of Contr...
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BOOK REVIEW OF ESSENTIALS OF RADIOLOGIC IMAGING
2007-07-24 10:24:00
Book Title : ESSENTIALS OF RADIOLOGIC IMAGING, Seventh Edition Author : John H. JuhlPublisher : Lippincott Williams & WilkinsPages : 1388 DescriptionThis concise single-volume text and reference has been consistently praised for its practical organization by body systems and regions, clear and readable style, abundance of superb illustrations, and comprehensive approach to both common and uncommon disorders. The Seventh Edition features 12 new contributing authors and completely rewritten sections on the brain and spinal cord; the chest; and the face, mouth, and jaws. Coverage of the chest includes three new chapters on chest disease in the immunocompromised patient; inflammatory and immunologic disease of the lung; and chest trauma, the postoperative chest, and the ICU patient. The chapter on obstetric and gynecologic imaging also has been rewritten by a new contributing author. The book contains more than 1,700 illustrations--about 1,000 of them new to this ...
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X-RAY ATTENUATION THEORY
2007-07-24 10:17:00
A photon is an X-ray when it is formed by an event involving an electron, while the photon is a gamma ray when it comes from the nucleus of an atom. In general, medical radiography is done using X-rays formed in an X-ray tube. Nuclear medicine typically involves gamma rays.The types of electromagnetic radiation of most interest to radiography are X-ray and gamma radiation. This radiation is much more energetic than the more familiar types such as radio waves and visible light. It is this relatively high energy which makes gamma rays useful in radiography but potentially hazardous to living organisms.The radiation is produced by X-ray tubes, high energy X-ray equipment or natural radioactive elements, such as radium and radon, and artificially produced radioactive isotopes of elements, such as cobalt-60 and iridium-192. Electromagnetic radiation consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, but is generally depicted as a single sinusoidal wave. While in the past radium and ra...
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MEDICAL RADIOGRAPHY
2007-07-24 09:58:00
i.)Radiography is the use of ionising electromagnetic radiation to view objects. ii.)The modification of objects with radiation is not radiography. In cases of modification, when the object is a human or an animal and the purpose is a cure of disease, it is radiotherapy and when the object is not living it could be food irradation or some other form of radiation processing.Diagnostic radiographyi.)Diagnostic radiography involves the use of both ionising radiation and non-ionising radiation to create images for medical diagnoses. ii.)The predominant test is still the X-ray (the word X-ray is often used for both the test and the actual film or digital image). X-rays are the second most commonly used medical tests, after laboratory tests. This application is known as diagnostic radiography. iii.)Since the body is made up of various substances with differing densities, X-rays can be used to reveal the internal structure of the body on film by highlighting these differences using attenua...
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X-RAY MACHINES
2007-07-24 09:40:00
1.)An X-ray machine utilizes electromagnetic radiation to produce an image of an object, usually with the purpose of visualizing something located below the object's surface.2.)The machine is made up of an X-ray source or X-ray tube, an x-ray detection system, and positioning hardware to align these two components with the object to be imaged.BASICS OF X-RAY MACHINEAn X-ray imaging system consists of a X-ray source or generator, and an image detection system which can either be comprised of film (analog technology) or a digital capture system.X-ray Sourcesi.)In the typical X-ray source of less than 450kV, X-ray photons are produced by an electron beam striking a target. The electrons that make up the stream beam are emitted from a heated cathode filament. The electrons are then focused and accelerated towards an anode target. The point where the electron beam strikes the target is called the focal spot. Most of the kinetic energy contained in the electron beam is converted to heat....
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DETECTORS OF X-RAYS
2007-07-24 07:33:00
1.)Photographic Platei.)The detection of X-ray s is based on various methods. The most commonly known method are a photographic plate, X-ray film in a cassette, and rare earth screens.ii.)A photographic plate or film is used in hospitals to produce images of the internal organs and bones of a patient. Since photographic plates are not generally sensitive to X-rays, phosphorescent screens are usually placed in contact with the emulsion of the plate or film. The X-rays strike the phosphor screen, which emits visible light, which exposes the film. The emulsion still needs to be heavily doped with silver compounds and can be coated on both sides of the film or plate.iii.)The part of the patient to be X-rayed is placed between the X-ray source and the photographic receptor to produce what is a shadow of all the internal structure of that particular part of the body being X-rayed. The X-rays are blocked by dense tissues such as bone and pass through soft tissues. Those areas where the X-ra...
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USES OF X-RAYS
2007-07-24 07:24:00
MEDICAL USESSince it is discovered that X-ray s can identify bony structures, X-rays have been developed for their use in medical imaging. Radiology is a specialized field of medicine. Radiographers employ radiography and other techniques for diagnostic imaging. This is probably the most common use of X-ray technology.1.)SKELETAL SYSTEMX-rays are especially useful in the detection of pathology of the skeletal system, but are also useful for detecting some disease processes in soft tissue. 2.)CHEST X-RAYSome notable examples are the very common chest X-ray, which can be used to identify lung diseases such as pneumonia, lung cancer or pulmonary edema3.)ABDOMINAL X-RAYthe abdominal X-ray, which can detect ileus (blockage of the intestine), free air (from visceral perforations) and free fluid (in ascites). 4.)DETECTING STONES IN BODYIn some cases, the use of X-rays is debatable, such as gallstones (which are rarely radiopaque) or kidney stones (which are often visible, but not always). 5...
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DIGITAL ANGIOGRAPHY
2007-07-24 07:23:00
To create a blood or artery X-ray, also called digital angiography, iodine is injected into the veins and a digitized image is created. Then, a second image is established of only the parts of the X-rayed section without iodine. The first image is subtracted then a final image is produced containing both the first and second images together. Lastly, the results are printed. The doctor or surgeon then compares the results of the angiography to a perfect angiography structure to see if there are any malfunctions.
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X-RAYS
2007-07-24 07:10:00
1.) X-ray s (or Röntgen rays) are a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 0.01 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 to 30 000 PHz (1 PHz = 1015 Hertz).2.)X-rays are primarily used for diagnostic radiography and crystallography. X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation and as such can be dangerous. UNITS OF MEASURE 1.)The unit of measure for an X-ray is called a rem, "r". 2.)A rem is a relatively large amount, and therefore exposure to X-rays for medical use is often measured in mrems (or millirems).PHYSICS OF X-RAYS1.)i.)X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths of around 10-10 meters.ii.)When medical X-rays are being produced, a thin metallic sheet is placed between the emitter and the target, effectively filtering out the lower energy (soft) X-rays. This is often placed close to the window of the X-ray tube. The resultant X-ray is said to be hard. iii.)Soft X-rays overlap the range of extreme ultraviolet....
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DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY
2007-07-24 07:06:00
Few techniques of diagnostic radiology are:1.)Plain radiography (X-rays)2.)Flouroscopy3.)Mammography4.)Co mputed tomography (CT)5.)Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)6.)Ultrasound7.)Nuclear imaging
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RADIOLOGY BRANCHES
2007-07-24 07:05:00
BRANCHES OF RADIOLOGYRadiology can be divided into branches according to medical applications:1.)Diagnostic radiology concerned with the use of various imaging modalities to aid in the diagnosis of disease. 2.)Therapeutic Radiology utilizes radiation for therapy of disease.3.)Interventional radiology uses imaging to guide therapeutic procedures.4.)Neuroradiology The sub-specialty in the field of Central nervous system imaging.5.)Interventional Neuroradiology uses imaging to guide therapeutic procedures in the head, neck and spine.6.)Musculoskeletal radiology The sub-specialty in the field of bone, joint and muscular imaging.7.)Pediatric RadiologyThis is a subspecialty of Radiology that specializes in the imaging of children and adolescents.8.)Nuclear Medicine This is a subspecialty of Radiology that uses radioisotopes in the characterization of lesions and disease processes, and often yields functional information.9.)Radiation therapy uses radiation to treat diseases such as cancer...
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RADIOLOGY
2007-07-24 06:55:00
1.)Radiology is the medical specialty directing medical imaging technologies to diagnose and sometimes treat diseases. 2.)Originally it was the aspect of medical science dealing with the medical use of electromagnetic energy emitted by X-ray machines or other such radiation devices for the purpose of obtaining visual information as part of medical imaging.3.)Radiology that involves use of x-ray is called roentgenology. Today, following extensive training, radiologists direct an array of imaging technologies (such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging) to diagnose or treat disease. 4.)Interventional radiology is the performance of (usually minimally invasive) medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies. The acquisition of medical imaging is usually carried out by the radiographer or radiologic technologist.5.)Outside of the medical field, radiology also encompasses the examination of the inner structure of objects using X-rays or othe...
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MATHEMATICS & PHYSICS OF MEDICAL IMAGING
2007-07-23 04:16:00
Book Title : Mathematics and Physics of Emerging Biomedical Imaging Publisher : National Academy of SciencesPREFACEThe Committee on the Mathematics and Physics of Emerging Dynamic Biomedical Imaging was constituted in 1993 and given the charge to "write a report that gives a survey of the emerging contributions of the mathematical sciences and physics to dynamic biomedical imaging and identifies and recommends specific mathematical sciences and physics research to accelerate the development and implementation of new medical imaging systems." At its first meeting, the committee discussed the frontiers of biomedical imaging that could profit from more involvement from physicists and mathematical scientists, outlined its proposed report, and identified individuals, listed below, who could supplement the committee's expertise in documenting these frontiers and the related research opportunities. At its subsequent two meetings, the committee drew on the large quantity of valuable d...
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FLUOROSCOPY
2007-07-23 03:42:00
Fluoroscopy is an imaging technique commonly used by physicians to obtain real-time images of the internal structures of a patient through the use of a fluoroscope. In its simplest form, a fluoroscope consists of an x-ray source and fluorescent screen between which a patient is placed. However, modern fluoroscopes couple the screen to an x-ray image intensifier and CCD video camera allowing the images to be played and recorded on a monitor. The use of x-rays, a form of ionizing radiation, requires that the potential risks from a procedure be carefully balanced with the benefits of the procedure to the patient. While physicians always try to use low dose rates during fluoroscopy procedures, the length of a typical procedure often results in a relatively high absorbed dose to the patient. Recent advances include the digitization of the images captured and flat-panel detector systems which reduce the radiation dose to the patient still further.Fluoroscope designThe first fluoroscopes c...

BOOK REVIEW OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
2007-07-22 04:22:00
Book Title : DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING Author : William K.Pratt Publisher : John wiley & SonsDescriptionToday, image processing has become a vital, cost-effective technology in a host of applications. This Edition covers these new developments in this dynamic field. Five sections explore the characterization of continuous images, image sampling and quantization techniques along with the mathematical representation of discrete images, two-dimensional signal processing techniques, image enhancement and restoration techniques and image analysis.CLICK TO READ
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Human Circulatory System
2007-07-21 00:04:00
Main Features 1.)A liquid, blood, to transport nutrients,wastes,oxygen and carbon dioxide,hormones2.)Two pumps (in a single heart)one to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs;the other to pump oxygenated blood to all the other organs and tissues of the body.3.)A system of blood vessels to distribute blood throughout the body4.)Specialized organs for exchange of materials between the blood and the external environment; for example organs like the lungs and intestine that add materials to the blood and organs like the lungs and kidneys that remove materials from the blood and deposit them back in the external environment. The heart and pulmonary systemThe heart is located roughly in the center of the chest cavity. It is covered by a protective membrane, the pericardium.1.)Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium.2.)It flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The term tricuspid refers to the three flaps of tissue that make up the valve.3.)Contraction o...
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ENDOSCOPE ENDOSCOPY Endoscopy means looking inside...
2007-07-10 12:17:00
ENDOSCOPEENDOSCOPYEndoscopy means looking inside and typically refers to looking inside the human body for medical reasons using an instrument called an endoscope. Endoscopy can also refer to using a borescope in engineering and technical situations where direct line-of-sight observation is not feasible.DETAILS1.)Endoscopy is a minimally invasive diagnostic medical procedure used to assess the interior surfaces of an organ by inserting a tube into the body. The instrument may have a rigid or flexible tube and not only provide an image for visual inspection and photography, but also enable taking biopsies and retrieval of foreign objects. Endoscopy is the vehicle for minimally invasive surgery.2.)Many endoscopic procedures are considered to be relatively painless and, at worst, associated with mild discomfort. Most patients tolerate the procedure with only topical anaesthesia of the oropharynx using lignocaine spray.Complications are rare (only 5% of all operations)but can include pe...
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CAPSULE ENDOSCOPE 1.) Wireless capsule endoscop...
2007-07-08 14:19:00
CAPSULE ENDOSCOPE1.) Wireless capsule endoscopy, also known as the capsule camera or video pill or Miniature ingestible Capsule is a camera with the size and shape of pill used to visualize the gastrointestinal tract.2.) This device is being promoted as an alternative to an endoscopy and has become a valuable tool to gastroenterologists all over the world with sales over 135 million dollars per year with over half million Capsules already sold. The camera assists in detecting cancer, ulcers and other types of internal medical ailments.3.) Capsule Endoscopy is a revolutionary new technology that allows our physicians to see the middle part of your intestinal tract – the small intestine – where no scope can currently go. Our patients can now swallow a wireless video camera about the size of a large vitamin, and then go normally about their day while the capsule records images throughout the digestive tract. This new tool is especially helpful in finding the source of unexplained i...
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SYSTEMS OF HUMAN BODY
2007-07-06 20:20:00
The major systems of the human body are:1.)Circulatory system: the blood circulation with heart, arteries and veins2.)Digestive system: processing food with mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines.(CLICK TO ENLARGE)3.)Endocrine system: communicating within the body using hormones4.)Urinary system: eliminating wastes from the body5.)Immune system: defending against disease-causing agents6.)Integumentary system: skin, hair and nails7.)Lymphatic system : produce and transport lymph fluid from tissues to the circulatory system8.)Muscular system: moving the body with muscles9.)Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain and nerves10.)Reproductive system: the sex organs11.)Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the lungs12.)Skeletal system: structural support and protection through bones
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DIFFERENT ANATOMIES
2007-07-06 20:17:00
COMPARARIVE ANATOMYComparative anatomy relates to the comparison of anatomical structures (both gross and microscopic) in different animals.ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANATOMYAnthropological anatomy or physical anthropology relates to the comparison of the anatomy of different races of humans.ARTISTIC ANATOMYArtistic anatomy relates to anatomic studies for artistic reasons.
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HUMAN ANATOMY
2007-07-06 20:08:00
1.)Human anatomy, including gross human anatomy and histology, is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body.2.)Generally, students of certain biological sciences, paramedics, physiotherapists, nurses and medical students learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures and tutorials. 3.)The study of microscopic anatomy (or histology) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a microscope; and in addition, medical students generally also learn gross anatomy with practical experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers (dead human bodies).4.)Human anatomy, physiology and biochemistry are complementary basic medical sciences.5.)Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically; that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respirat...
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SUPERFICIAL ANATOMY
2007-07-06 20:06:00
Superficial anatomy or surface anatomy is important in anatomy being the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily seen from the contours or the surface of the body.With knowledge of superficial anatomy, physicians or medical professionals gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures.
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ANATOMY
2007-07-06 18:58:00
Anatomy is the branch of biology that deals with the structure of living things. It is a general term that can include human anatomy, animal anatomy (zootomy) and plant anatomy (phytotomy). Anatomy is closely related to embryology, comparative anatomy and comparitive embryology .DIVISIONSAnatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy and histology. Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision. Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes, which includes histology (the study of the organisation of tissues),and cytology (the study of cells).The study of anatomy is developed by understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. Methods have also advanced dramatically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of cadavers (dead human bodies) to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th cen...
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Anthropometry Basics
2007-07-04 17:51:00
Book Title : BASIC TERMS IN ANTHROPOMETRYContents1.)Anthropometric Measurement2.)Hanavan Model3.)Anthropometric measurement form4.)Density5.)Average Density6.)SkinFold Test7.)Body Mass Index8.)Degree of freedom9.)Elasticity Definition10.)Coefficient of Elasticity11.)Strain12.)Stress13.)Center of gravity14.)Moment of inertia15.)Inertia Tensor16.)AnthropometryDOWNLOAD TO READ
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ANTHROPOMETRY
2007-07-04 17:44:00
Anthropometry is the scientific study of the measurements of the human body. It refers to the measurement of living human individuals for the purposes of understanding human physical variation.Anthropometry plays an important role in industrial design, clothing design, ergonomics, and architecture, where statistical data about the distribution of body dimensions in the population are used to optimize products. Changes in life styles, nutrition and ethnic composition of populations lead to changes in the distribution of body dimensions (example, the obesity epidemic), and require regular updating of anthropometric data collections.

Dynamics Basics
2007-07-04 17:41:00
Book Title : BASIC TERMS IN DYNAMICSContents1.)Dynamic s 2.)Newton's First Law3.)Newton's second Law4.)Newton's third law5.)Momentum6.)Momentum Conservation7.)Free Body Diagram8.)Torque9.)Work10.)Mechanical Energy11.)Energy Conservation12.)Power13.)PressureDOWNLOAD TO READ
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DYNAMICS
2007-07-04 17:36:00
Dynamics is the branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of bodies under the action of forces.PICTURES OF HUMAN DYNAMICS MEASUREMENT:
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KINEMATICS BASICS
2007-07-04 17:16:00
Book Title : BASIC TERMS IN KINEMATICSContents1.) Kinematics2.) Orientation In Space3.) Coordinate Systems4.) Angle5.) Euler Angles6.) Kinematic Chains7.) Position8.) Velocity9.) Acceleration10.)Angular Acceleration11.)Orientation During Trampoline Jump12.)Relative Segmental Orientation13.)Full Kinematic DescriptionDOWNLOAD TO READ
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KINEMATICS
2007-07-04 17:09:00
Kinematics is the branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of objects without reference to the forces which cause themotion.HUMAN KINEMATIC MODELING(CLICK TO ENLARGE)

Soft Tissue Biomechanics
2007-07-03 21:06:00
Soft tissues such as tendon, ligament and cartilage are combinations of matrix proteins and fluid. In each of these tissues the main strength bearing element is collagen, although the amount and type of collagen varies according to the function each tissue must perform. Elastin is also a major load-bearing constituent within skin, the vasculature, and connective tissues. The function of tendons is to connect muscle with bone and is subjected to tensile loads. Tendons must be strong to facilitate movement of the body while at the same time remaining compliant to prevent damage to the muscle tissues. Ligaments connect bone to bone and therefore are stiffer than tendons but are relatively close in their tensile strength. Cartilage, on the other hand, is primarily loaded in compression and acts as a cushion in the joints to distribute loads between bones. The compressive strength of collagen is derived mainly from collagen as in tendons and ligaments, however because collagen is compara...
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