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Muscle Biomechanics
2007-07-03 21:02:00
There are three main types of muscles:1.)Skeletal muscle (striated): Unlike cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle can develop a sustained condition known as tetany through high frequency stimulation, resulting in overlapping twitches and a phenomenon known as wave summation. At a sufficiently high frequency, tetany occurs, and the contracticle force appears constant through time. This allows skeletal muscle to develop a wide variety of forces. This muscle type can be voluntary controlled. Hill's Model is the most popular model used to study muscle.2.)Cardiac muscle (striated): Cardiomyocytes are a highly specialized cell type. These involuntarily contracted cells are located in the heart wall and operate in concert to develop synchronized beats. This is attributable to a refractory period between twitches.3.)Smooth muscle (smooth - lacking striations): The stomach, vasculature, and most of the digestive tract are largely composed of smooth muscle. This muscle type is involuntary and is c...
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Bones Biomechanics
2007-07-03 21:00:00
Bones are anisotropic but are approximately transversely isotropic. In other words, bones are stronger along one axis than across that axis, and are approximately the same strength no matter how they are rotated around that axis.The stress-strain relations of bones can be modeled using Hooke's law, in which they are related by elastic moduli, e.g. Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio or the Lamé parameters. The constitutive matrix, a fourth order tensor, depends on the isotropy of the bone.σij = CijklεklHOOKE's LAWHooke's law of elasticity is an approximation that states that the amount by which a material body is deformed (the strain) is linearly related to the force causing the deformation (the stress).
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Circulation Biomechanics
2007-07-03 20:56:00
Blood flow can be modeled by the Navier-Stokes equations. Whole blood can often be assumed to be an incompressible Newtonian fluid. However, this assumption fails when considering flows within arterioles. At this scale, the effects of individual red blood cells becomes significant, and whole blood can no longer be modeled as a continuum. When the diameter of the blood vessel is slightly larger than the diameter of the red blood cell the Fahraeus–Lindqvist effect occurs and there is a decrease in wall shear stress. However, as the diameter of the blood vessel decreases further, the red blood cells have to squeeze through the vessel and often can only pass in single file. In this case, the inverse Fahraeus–Lindqvist effect occurs and the wall shear stress increases.Navier-Stokes equationsThe Navier-Stokes equations, describe the motion of fluid substances such as liquids and gases. These equations establish that changes in momentum in infinitesimal volumes of fluid are simply the ...
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CONTINUUM MECHANICS
2007-07-03 20:18:00
It is often appropriate to model living tissues as continuous media. For example, at the tissue level, the arterial wall can be modeled as a continuum. This assumption breaks down when the length scales of interest approach the order of the micro structural details of the material. The basic postulates of continuum mechanics are :1.) Conservation of linear and angular momentum, 2.) Conservation of mass, conservation of energy, and 3.) Entropy inequality. Solids are usually modeled using "reference" or "Lagrangian" coordinates, whereas fluids are often modeled using "spatial" or "Eulerian" coordinates. Using these postulates and some assumptions regarding the particular problem at hand, a set of equilibrium equations can be established. The kinematics and constitutive relations are also needed to model a continuum.Second and fourth order tensors are crucial in representing many quantities in electromechanical. In practice, however, the full tensor form of a fourth-order constitutive ...
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Biomechanics- Applications
2007-07-03 20:14:00
1.)The study of biomechanics ranges from the inner workings of a cell to the movement and development of limbs, the vasculature, and bones. As we develop a greater understanding of the physiological behavior of living tissues, researchers are able to advance the field of tissue engineering, as well as develop improved treatments for a wide array of pathologies.2.)Biomechanics as a sports science, kinesiology, applies the laws of mechanics and physics to human performance in order to gain a greater understanding of performance in athletic events through modeling, simulation, and measurement.
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BIOMECHANICS-Introduction
2007-07-03 20:05:00
Biomechanics is the research and analysis of the mechanics of living organisms or the application and derivation of engineering principles to and from biological systems. The research and analysis can be carried forth on multiple levels, from the molecular, wherein biomaterials such as collagen and elastin are considered, all the way up to the tissue and organ level. Some simple applications of Newtonian mechanics can supply correct approximations on each level, but precise details demand the use of continuum mechanics. Aristotle wrote the first book on biomechanics, De Motu Animalium, or On the Movement of Animals. He not only saw animals' bodies as mechanical systems, but pursued questions such as the physiological difference between imagining performing an action and actually doing it. Some simple examples of biomechanics research include the investigation of the forces that act on limbs, the aerodynamics of bird and insect flight, the hydrodynamics of swimming in fish, the anch...
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BIOMECHANICS DEFINITION
2007-07-03 19:16:00
BIOMECHANICS is defined as the area of study wherein the knowledge and methods of biomechanics are applied to the structure and function of the living human system. BIOMECHANICS of human movement can be defined as the interdiscipline which describes, analyses and assesses human movement
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KINESIOLOGY
2007-07-03 19:16:00
Kinesiology and BiomechanicsKinesiology has been traditionally defined as the study of human movement from the point of view of physical sciences (Luttgens & Hamilton, 1997). It has two main areas: anatomical kinesiology and mechanical kinesiology. The former deals with the mechanical aspects of the human body while the latter deals with the mechanical aspects of the human motion.Biomechanics is defined as application of the mechanical principles in the study of living organism . The main interest in this field of study is mechanical analysis of the biological systems such as the human.Kinesiology is very similar to biomechanics as long as the main area of application is the human. So we can use both terms interchangeably.Nowadays, people tend to use the term kinesiology for more broader meaning: the study of human movement. They have identified several additional areas such as psychological kinesiology, physiological kinesiology, etc. The term kinesiology replaces the tradition...
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BIOMECHANICS & SPORT BIOMECHANICS
2007-06-29 19:56:00
BIOMECHANICSBiomechanics is a diverse interdisciplinary field, with branches in Zoology, Botany, Physical Anthropology, Orthopedics, Bioengineering and Human Performance. The general role of Biomechanics is to understand the mechanical cause-effect relationships that determine the motions of living organisms. In relation to sport, Biomechanics contributes to the description, explanation, and prediction of the mechanical aspects of human exercise, sport and play.SPORT BIOMECHANICSSpor t Biomechanics is the sport science field that applies the laws of mechanics and physics to human performance, in order to gain a greater understanding of performance in athletic events through modeling, simulation and measurement. It is also necessary to have a good understanding of the application of physics to sport, as physical principles such as motion, resistance, momentum and friction play a part in most sporting events.
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MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY
2007-06-28 03:55:00
BOOK TITLE : MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGYDESCRIPTIONThe goal of the book Medical physiology is to provide a clear, accurate, and up-to-date introduction to medical physiology for medical students and studnts in allied health sciences. Physiology , the study of normal function, is key to understanding pathophysiology and pharmacology and is essential to the everyday practice of clinical medicineTOPICS1.) Cellular Physiology2.)Neuro physiology3.)Muscle physiology4.)Blood & Cardiovascular physiology5.)Respiratory physiology6.)Renal physiology & Body fluids7.) Gastrointestinalphysiology8.)Temperature regulation & Exercise physiology9.)Endocrine physiology10.)Reproductive physiologyCLICK TO READ
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